DNA
DNA is made with this sugar
What is Deoxyribose
There is a hydrogen at the second carbon rather than a hydroxyl group
Sugar in RNA is ribose
The correct model of DNA replication is this
What is semiconservative
Each molecule of DNA consists of one parent strand and one new strand
All the combined steps of making protein from DNA is referred to as this
What is the Central Dogma of Biology
DNA ->transcription->mRNA->translation->proteins
Group of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA molecule
What is a Codon
Complementary anticodon is on tRNA
A sequence of DNA that has more than one source
What is recombinant DNA
Built by the enzyme restriction endonuclease cleaving DNA at a specific palindrome, than a new segment of DNA is inserted
Adenine is this type of nitrogenous base
What is Purine
A & G have double rings, C & T have a single ring
This strand of DNA is continuously replicated
What is the Leading strand
Lagging strand has 3' to 5' orientation and is discontinuously replicated
This is the upstream region of DNA where the RNA Polymerase binds to initiate transcription
What is the Promoter
This is the amino acid that start codon is associated with
What is Methionine
The start codon is AUG
The stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA and do not code for any amino acids
This enzyme is used to convert RNA into DNA
What is reverse transcriptase
Resulting DNA is called complementary DNA (cDNA)
This nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not RNA
What is thymine
Replaced by uracil in RNA
Other bases are adenine, guanine, and cytosine
This enzyme unwinds DNA
What is Helicase
The genetic code is this because more than one codon can create the same amino acid
What is Degenerate/ Redundant
Ex: Codons for leucine are CUU, CUA, CUG, CUC
This ribosome associates with and decodes mRNA
What is the small subunit
The large subunit is where the polypeptide chain is built and associates with tRNA
This technique is used to amplify specific segments of DNA and can be used in various diagnostic tests
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Three steps (Denaturation (high temp), Annealing (low temp), DNA synthesis (intermediate temp))
Required components: Taq polymerase, template DNA, primers, DNA bases
These bonds hold together adjacent nucleotides
What are phosphodiester bonds
Forms between phosphate group at 5' carbon and hydroxyl at 3' carbon
Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases hold strand of DNA together
Polymerase that replaces RNA primers with DNA
What is DNA Polymerase I
DNA Poly III connects nucleotides to growing DNA strand
DNA Poly II largely involved in proofreading
All require a primer and build in 5' to 3' direction
Type of RNA polymerase that transcribes for messenger RNA
What is RNA polymerase II
RNA Pol I builds rRNA for ribosomes and RNA Pol III builds tRNA to carry amino acids
A point mutation that results in the formation of an early stop codon
What is a nonsense mutation
Piece of DNA that can be used to identify a complementary segment in live cells for editing
What is CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)
Cas9 is the enzyme that carries the CRISPR strand to the target sequence and make makes the modifications
The strand that is continuously replicated has this orientation
What is 5' to 3'
Due to the linear nature of eukaryotic DNA, these are found at the ends in order to prevent degradation
What are Telomeres
Built by telomerase rather than replication
Prokaryotic DNA is circular and in a single strand
The pieces that code for a protein in the mRNA transcripts
What are exons
Intron are removed during splicing
Other eukaryotic mRNA modifications are the 5' cap and 3' poly-A-tail
DNA sequence that repressor protein binds to in prokaryotes
What is the Operator
Operon is a collection of structural genes and regulatory sequences in prokaryotes
Includes promoter & operator
Repressor binding to operator prevents transcription
Ability of a cell to produce alternate forms of a protein from a single mRNA transcript
What is Alternative Splicing