Intro to Human Body and Homeostasis
Anatomy is the study of _____
Physiology is the study of _____
Structure
Function
In what organ system are cutaneous receptors located?
Integumentary
Please describe the three planes of section.
Frontal: splits front and back
Midsagittal: splits left and right
Transverse: splits top and bottom
What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?
Integral proteins span the entire width of a membrane and peripheral proteins are partially embedded in one face of a membrane.
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport requires ATP and passive transport does not.
Please identify the structural hierarchy of the human body from smallest to largest.
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
Please list the two functions of the nervous system.
Responds to internal and external change.
Activates muscles and glands.
Where is parietal serosae located?
Where is visceral serosae located?
Parietal: lining internal body walls.
Visceral: covering internal organs.
Please describe the three cell junctions.
Gap: for communicating
Tight: impenetrable
Desmosomes: for anchoring, kinda like velcro
Please list and describe the three types of passive transport.
Simple diffusion: molecule simply moving down it's concentration gradient without any assistance.
Facilitated diffusion: Transport of a molecule down it's concentration gradient relying on membrane protein to get through the lipid bilayer.
Osmosis: Water moving from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration.
Shivering when you're cold would be an example of which type of feedback loop?
Negative feedback
Please list all four functions of the skeletal system.
Protect and support body organs.
Provides framework for muscle movement.
Formation of blood cells.
Storage of minerals.
What body cavities make up the dorsal body cavity?
Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.
Please name and describe 6 different kinds of transmembrane proteins.
Receptor: binds to chemical messengers
Enzyme: breaks down a chemical messenger
Leak ion channel: always open
Gated ion channel: only open at certain times
Cell-identity marker: distinguishes identity of the cell
Cell-adhesion molecule: binds one cell to another
Please describe the three different types of bulk transport involving endocytosis.
Phagocytosis: mechanism used to move large molecules and particles across the plasma membrane.
Pinocytosis: mechanism used to move small molecules and particles across the plasma membrane.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: method used to regulate the entry of specific substances.
A response that enhances or exaggerates the original signal would be what kind of feedback loop, also, please provide three examples of this type of feedback.
Positive feedback.
Blood clotting, milk letdown, and giving birth.
Please list all five functions of the muscular system.
Allows for manipulation of the environment.
Allows for locomotion.
Allows for facial expressions.
Maintains posture.
Produces heat.
What body cavities make up the ventral body cavity?
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavities.
What is the difference between microvilli and cilia and where could both be found in the human body?
Microvilli are for rapid diffusion and digestion by increasing the surface area of the cell, found in GI tract.
Cilia are for moving stuff in the extracellular space, found in fallopian tubes and trachea.
Please describe the difference between a symport and an antiport.
Please describe the feedback loop occurring within me if I eat 100 donuts this morning and then fast for 3 days.
There is a negative feedback loop occurring where insulin levels will rise in order to lower my blood glucose levels. When my blood glucose levels are too low, glucagon levels will rise to increase my blood glucose levels.
Please list off from memory all 11 of the organ systems.
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
Identify which quadrant each of the following falls in: gallbladder, sigmoid color, appendix, cecum, stomach, liver, descending colon of large intestine, and ascending colon of large intestine.
RUQ: gallbladder and liver
RLQ: appendix, cecum, and ascending colon of large intestine
LUQ: stomach
LLQ: sigmoid colon and descending colon of large intestine
Please describe the central dogma of molecular biology.
DNA gets TRANSCRIBED into RNA and then TRANSLATED into PROTEINS.
Please describe the two different types of active transport.
Primary active transport: energy from breaking down ATP is used to move molecule up it's concentration gradient.
Secondary active transport: the use of one solutes concentration to drive another solute against it's concentration gradient.