Biological Molecules
Monomer of proteins
amino acids
common structures seen in secondary structure
alpha helix & beta sheet
organelle that makes proteins
ribosomes
the cell membrane is composed of two rows of phospholipids, aka the...
phospholipid bilayer
type of reaction that breaks polymers into monomers
hydrolysis
Type of reaction that creates polymers
Dehydration synthesis
What could cause a protein to denature?
temp.
pH
this organelle makes ATP
mitochondria
is it easier for the phospholipids to move laterally or to flip flop?
move laterally bc of polarity and kinks in tails
difference in the bonds of saturated & unsaturated fats
single bond in saturated & double bond in unsaturated
3 things that make up a nucleotide
Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
What ultimately decides the structure of a protein?
sequence of amino acids in primary structure
organelle only found in plants and list the 3 different types
plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts
how are phospholipids arranged in the cell membrane and why?
polar heads face out, NP tails face in towards each other. NP things are hydrophobic & don't like water; polar heads are hydrophilic and like water
tenets of cell theory
1. all living organisms are made of 1 or more cells
2. the cell is the basic structural unit of life
3. all cells arise from division of pre-existing cells
Type of linkage that creates starch & the linkage that creates cellulose
Alpha 1-4 & beta 1-4
what is happening in the quaternary structure?
multiple polypeptide chains interacting
difference in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes
membrane bound organelles (euk); none for pro
nucleus (euk); no nucleus in pro.
linear DNA (euk); circular DNA in pro.
Name all the components found in the cell membrane
phospholipids
proteins (integral, lipid-anchored, peripheral)
glycoproteinsasymmetrical leaflets
who discovered the structure of DNA and what two scumbags chose not to give her credit for the discovery & used it as their own?
type of bond that holds amino acids together & name of the polymer it forms
peptide-covalent bonds; polypeptide/protein
important bonds and interactions that give the tertiary structure its 3D shape (list 4)
disulfide bonds
hydrophobic interactions
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
explain what the Endoplasmic Reticulum does and what the golgi apparatus does (2 separate functions)
ER - produce lipids & proteins
Golgi - sort, modify, tag, transport proteins (like a post office)
name the functions of the membrane proteins
intercellular joining
enzymatic activity
transport
cell-cell recognition
anchorage/attachment
signal transduction
what is the endosymbiotic hypothesis
ancient prokaryote engulfed an aerobic prokaryote (phagocytosis), but instead of destroying it, the ancient pro. used the aerobic one for energy production in exchange for protection.
ENDO (inside)
SYMBIOSIS (two or more things working together)