Replication
During replication, ____ is copied to make ____.
DNA, DNA
_____ are mRNA segments that are expressed while _____ are mRNA segments that are cut out.
Exons, Introns
mRNA is read from the ____ end to the ____ end
5' to 3'
Repressor protein is allosterically ________ (inhibited or activated) by ________
inhibited, lactose
The central dogma of biology states that information flows from ____ to ____ to _______
DNA, RNA, proteins
__________ extends a nucleic acid sequence with DNA according to base pairing rules
DNA polymerase
Upstream noncoding DNA that supports the binding and creation of the Transcription initiation complex.
Control Elements (Enhancers & Promoters)
_____________ attaches amino acids to the correct tRNA
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
High glucose concentration leads to _____ transcription of the lac operon
Low
The term that describes how DNA is synthesized in opposite directions
anti-parallel
Okazaki fragments are found on the ________ strand
Lagging
An mRNA has a ______ attached at the 5' end and ______ attached at the 3' end
5' cap (methylated guanine) & poly-A tail
A, P, E
Diversity and precision of eukaryotic gene transcription is achieved through __________
Combinatorial Control
__________ prevents double helices from reforming during replication
Single Stranded Binding Protein
The enzyme _______ attaches _______ (nucleic acid) on the lagging strand.
primase, primer
________ extends a nucleic acid sequence with RNA.
RNA polymerase
Write the t-RNA anticodon sequence (with directionality) for the mRNA sequence 5' -AUG- 3'
5'-CAU-3'
Histone Acetylation by HATs modifies histone tails to _______ transcription. HDACs do the opposite.
promote
Binds to control elements
General transcription factors
What is the difference between the left and right replication forks during DNA replication, considering the direction of DNA synthesis and strand polarity?
Each fork has a leading and a lagging strand, but the direction of synthesis is opposite, on the left fork, one strand is leading and the other lagging, and on the right fork, the opposite strands play those roles, due to the antiparallel structure of DNA and 5′ to 3′ synthesis requirement.
euchromatin describes ____ DNA while heterochromatin describes _____ DNA
expressed or loosely packed, not expressed or tightly packed
Translation is initiated by ___________ which attract the ________ ribosomal subunit which begins to scan the mRNA for the ______ codon with the sequence ____. Translation is stopped when it reaches the stop codon which causes ____________ to release the ribosomal subunits, newly formed protein, and mRNA
Initiation Factors, 30S or small, start, AUG. Release
DNA methylation often occurs on stretches of DNA that are ________
inactive
Describe the differences between silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations
silent - no effect on amino acid sequence
missense - change one amino acid to another
nonsense - changes amino acid to stop codon
frameshift - extensive missense