Microbiology and Microscopy
Types of electron microscopy.
Transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope.
Bacterial morphology.
Cocci/Coccus
Bacilli/Bacillus
Vibrio
Spirochete
What is the agar we talked about in class and why is it important.
MacConkey agar is a selective and differential media.
The primary purpose of the Gram stain?
Differentiate bacterial species into gram-positive and gram-negative based on the makeup of their cell wall.
Contrast in microscopy.
A clear difference between the background and foreground.
Think the snowflake on a dark jacket example.
The Theory of Endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are each derived from the uptake of bacteria. These bacteria established a symbiotic relationship with their host cell that eventually led to the bacteria evolving into mitochondria and chloroplasts.
The difference between symport and antiport, and the difference between passive and active transport.
Symport: two solutes travel in same direction via membrane protein
Antiport: two solutes travel in opposite directions via membrane protein
Passive: no energy input required; follows natural conc. gradient = diffusion (facilitated diffusion is same thing, but via membrane protein)
Active: energy input required; against natural conc. gradient. ABC transporters are an example of such
The types of media we discussed and their basic differences.
Complex (many growth factors) vs. Simple/minimal (only what is needed for growth)
Selective (uses specific growth factors to select for certain microbes over others) vs. Differential (with a growth indicator dye)
Why do gram negative bacteria stain pink and gram positive bacteria stain purple.
Gram negative bacteria lacks a thick layer of peptidoglycan, so it cannot retain the crystal violet stain unlike gram positive bacteria.
The breakdown of ATP.
Hydrolysis
The types of organisms classified as prokaryotic vs the organisms classified as eukaryotic and the cellular differences between the two.
Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Archaea (no membrane-bound organelles and no true nucleus)
Eukaryotic: Plants, Animals, Fungi and Protists (membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus)
The outer layer found only on gram negative bacteria.
LPS layer, or lipopolysaccharide layer
Names of bacteria who prefer certain climates.
Psychrophile ~ ∞ - 20°C
Mesophile ~ 20°C - 45°C
Thermophile ~ 45°C - 80°C
Hyperthermophile ~ 80°C - ∞
Types of staining.
Gram staining, acid fast staining, capsule staining, endospore staining, flagella staining
T/F all bacterial cells have endospores.
What is the purpose.
False
It is a stress response when the cell is in an unfavorable environment.
Explain Pasteur's experiment and what is proved.
Two S-shaped flasks, one with a broken neck. He observed bacterial growth in the broken flask but not in the intact flask. Proved germ theory and that disease causing agents did not spontaneously appear.
Draw a bacterial cell with all the components and name the steps to binary fission.
Bacteria cell drawing must include: plasmid, chromosome, ribosome, cytoplasm, flagellum, endospore, capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, pili
1. DNA replication
2. Cell growth
3. Formation of septum and genetic segregation
4. Division
The difference between strict vs facultative aerobes/anaerobes.
Strict aerobe/anaerobe = Microbe requires oxygen or requires no oxygen to live; can't function in the presence of what it doesn't use for respiration.
Facultative aerobe/anaerobe = Microbe can switch between being aerobic or anaerobic depending on its environment. (Facultative aerobe means prefers no oxygen, but can use some in the presence of it)
What is acid fast bacteria?
Bacteria that has acid-fast qualities is resistant to antibiotics due to its strong, thick cell wall.
The final step in peptidoglycan (cell wall) synthesis.
Transpeptidation
Some of the most important people in the world of microbiology and what they provided.
Sir Robert Hooke - Compound microscope
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek - Single-lens microscope
Florence Nightingale - Sanitation methods and germ theory
Louis Pasteur - Pasteurization and the disproving of the theory of spontaneous generation
Robert Koch - Pathogen postulates (cause and effect of virulent microbes)
How vancomycin and penicillin function as antibiotics and the sugars found in the peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) of a bacterial cell.
They inhibit cell wall or peptidoglycan synthesis, specifically the proteins found in the peptidoglycan layer (D-alanine and L-alanine) and the bonds between them (inhibiting transpeptidation). No cell wall=no structure=cell vulnerable=no cell
NAG and NAM (N-acetylglucosamine and N-muramic acid)
Correctly label the drawing.
A. Obligate aerobes
B. Obligate anaerobes
C. Facultative anaerobes
D. Aerotolerant anaerobes
E. Microaerophiles
Steps in a gram stain.
What are the three amino acids that make up NAMs and NAGs
L-alanine, D-alanine, D-glutamate