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What are the 4 components of digestion?
Ingestion, taking in nutrients, digestion, breaking down nutrients (physical, chemical), Absorbtion, transporting digested nutrients by blood, and elimination, removal of undigested waste.
Saliva, what is it produced by, what are its two functions?
Produced by salivary glands. function 1, contains salivary amylase and they break down complex carbs. Function 2, dissolves food particles.
The stomach, what shape is it?
J-shaped
What does HCL convert pepsinogen into?
pepsin, protein enzyme.
What lines the stomach to protect it from burning?
Mucus
Where does the digestion of carbs begin, what is the teeth covered in and what is food formed into after chewing?
The mouth, enamel, bolus
What is the esophagus and what does the food bolus activate after entering the esophagus?
Tube from mouth to stomach, esophagus walls stretch, peristalsis is the muscle that moves food down, it squeezes and enters the stomach through the esophageal sphincter.
What are the main functions of the stomach and what is the pH of the stomach?
Site of food storage and initial protein digestion, it converts food into chyme. pH of stomach is very low, 1.0-3.0.
What are ulcers?
Mucus layer in stomach breaks down, burning the stomach wall, very painful, due to stress, diet, bacteria.
What are the three sections of the small intestine? Where does most digestion occur and how does food move through the stomach?
DJ Ice, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum. Duodenum is responsible for most of the digestion. Chyme moves from stomach through small intestine by peristalsis and segmentation. Peristalsis=squeezing, Segmentation= sloshing back and forth
What is the small intestine lined with and what is each villis supplied with?
Villi and Microvilli, ex finger is the villi and the hairs on it are microvillli they increase surface area. Each villus is supplied with lacteals.
What are lacteals?
capillary network and lymph vessels. they transport products of fat digestion.
What does the pancreas do?
Releases enzymes to small intestine, enzymes chemically digest, proteins (trypsin), carbs (amylase), lipids (lipase).
Protein digestion in the small intestine, main function?
HCL converts prosecretin into secretin, secretin tells pancreas to release bicarbonate ions.
Protein digestion in the small intestine, what are the three main parts?
Bicarbonate ions, made from pancreas and basic pH deactivates pepsin. Trypsinogen is converted into enterokimase released by small intestine. Made from pancreas. Erepsin, completes protein digestion, breaks down final short chain peptides.
Small intestine releases what enzyme and breaks them down into what?
Disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Pancreas releases lipases which break down lipids, what are the two types of lipases?
pancreatic lipases, breaks fats down into fatty acids and glycerol. phospholipases break down phospholipids.
What is the main function of the liver?
liver creates bile, converts glycogen into glucose, detoxifies harmful substances, ex. alcohol, and breaks down components of hemoglobin from blood.
What is stored in the gallbladder and when fats are present in small intestine what is released?
Bile salts from liver are stored in gallbladder, CCK is released when small intestine triggers release of bile from the gall bladder.
What are some liver and gallbladder problems?
Gallstones, hard masses in the gallbladder, Jaundice, build up of bile pigments, and cirrhosis, liver is destroyed due to alcohol.
What does the large intestine do?
concentrates and eliminates waste, undigested waste is passed down to the colon, remaining waste is passed to the rectrum, feces moves out via peristalsis.
Does digestion occur in the large intestine?
No
Can humans break down cellulose?
No
Where is the most water absorbed in the digestive system?
Small intestine.
What three hormones control digestion?
CCK, it slows digestion. Gastrin, signals cells of the stomach to release HCL. Secretin, released from duodenum, initiates release of bicarbonates.