Integumentary System
The epidermis is composed of what type of epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What are the four general functions of bone?
Support/protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
Which bone cell type produces new bone matrix (osteoid)?
Osteoblasts
The study of joints is called what?
Arthrology
Name the six types of synovial joints.
plane
hinge
pivot
condylar
saddle
ball-and-socket joints
Which skin layer contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles?
Dermis
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
What bone cells resorb bone by releasing enzymes and acids?
Osteoclasts
List the three functional classifications of joints.
synarthroses (immobile)
amphiarthroses (slightly mobile)
diarthroses (freely mobile)
What is the movement that decreases the angle between bones in the anterior-posterior plane?
Flexion
Name the five layers of the epidermis in thick skin (from deep to superficial).
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Which type of bone tissue makes up 80% of bone mass?
Compact (cortical) bone
What is the process of bone formation called?
Ossification (osteogenesis)
Which type of fibrous joint is found between teeth and sockets?
Gomphosis
What special movement is unique to the thumb?
Opposition
Which pigment-producing cell protects DNA from UV damage?
Melanocytes
What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?
Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow marrow stores fat (energy reserve).
Name the two main types of ossification.
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
What are the two main types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
Turning the sole of the foot medially is called what?
Inversion
What are friction ridges, and why are they significant?
Skin patterns (fingerprints) that increase grip and allow personal identification
What is the thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses that reduces friction in joints?
Articular cartilage
Which vitamin is essential for collagen formation in bones?
Vitamin C
Which joint type provides the most movement but is least stable?
ball-and-socket joint
What are bursae, and what is their function?
Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving structures in a joint