Microbial Growth Requirements and Control
Microorganisms that grow optimally at pH 7 are known as this
Neutrophiles
This is an example of enzymes needed for DNA replication.
DNA Polymerase, Helicase, Gyrase (Topoisomerase), Primase, Ligase
Bacteria are asexually reproducing, but genetic diversity can still occur via ________
Conjugation, transformation, transduction, transposons, and mutations
This group of eukaryotes are classified by their motility
Protozoans - ciliates, pseudopods, and flagellates
This type of acellular microbe is a single circular RNA capable of self-replicating
Viroid
A bacterial culture begins with 500 cells. The organism has a generation time of 20 minutes. How many cells will be present after 2 hours.
32,000 cells
The template used for the process of transcription is this _________
DNA (specifically a gene)
This mechanism of horizontal gene transfer requires a bacteriophage.
Transduction
These eukaryotic microbes are actually animals and are more difficult to treat as they are closely related to humans
Helminths
Retroviruses are unique amongst viruses in that they have a _________ that they convert to ________.
RNA genome they convert to DNA
A media contains a high salt concentration to prevent growth of non-halotolerant microbes and a pH indicator to determine if organisms that grow can ferment a carbon source. This media is classified as________.
At the end of translation, the cell has successfully created this_________.
A protein (polypeptide)
This mechanism of horizontal gene transfer is the only one where both cells are alive after it has occurred.
Conjugation
Many of these eukaryotic microbes are dimorphic and can have single celled or multicellular life forms
Fungi
All animal virus replication cycles will have these main stages _________.
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Biosynthesis, Maturation/Assembly, Release
Antisepsis and degerming
__________ is an example of a mutagen
Chemical - nucleoside analogs, intercalating agents
Physical - ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation
This method of genetic diversity occurs when genetic material moves from one location to a different location.
Transposons
The life cycle of protozoans involve these forms.
Trophozoite and cyst
A host cell
This is an example of a microbe that is more resistant to antimicrobial agents.
Endospores, Protozoan cysts, Non-enveloped viruses, Mycobacteria, Gram negative bacteria
Intercalating agents are known to produce this type of mutation __________.
Insertions or deletions --> Frameshift mutations
Horizontal gene transfer is important because of its relation to __________
The spread of antibiotic resistance and acquisition of virulence factors/pathogenic traits
The life cycle of fungi can involve these________.
Asexual or sexual, spores, plasmogamy, and karyogamy
A viral infection where the virus is not eliminated after infection and is consistently replicating is known as a(n) _________