Normal Microbiota and Symbiosis
This body location normally contains a large and diverse population of microorganisms and is one of the most densely colonized areas of the body.
Gut/Large Intestine/Colon
A patient's skin, mucous membranes, and antimicrobial chemicals are examples of this type of defense
Innate immunity
Immunity that develops when a person's own immune system responds to an antigen and produces antibodies and memory cells.
Active immunity
These structures allow bacteria to attach to specific receptors on host cells and are important for establishing an infection
Adhesins
A disease that is constantly present at a relatively stable level within a population or geographic area is described as this
Endemic
Unlike the skin and gastrointestinal tract, this body site is normally free of microorganisms in a healthy person
Blood, lymphatic system, brain, most internal organs
Because of __________, the __________ will respond more rapidly and strongly when it encounters a pathogen for a second time.
immunological memory, adaptive immune system
These vaccines contain microorganisms and can stimulate the strongest immune response.
Live attenuated vaccines
This bacterial structure can help bacteria from being engulfed by phagocytes
Capsule
A public health department wants to know how many people currently have diabetes in a county. The measure they are most interested in is this.
Prevalence
Normal microbiota can make it difficult for pathogens to colonize by _________
Competing for space, competing for nutrients, and producing antimicrobial compounds
These white blood cells are among the first to arrive at many sites of acute bacterial infection.
Neutrophils
Instead of using the entire pathogen, these vaccines contain only specific components or antigens from the pathogen.
Subunit vaccines
Unlike endotoxin, this type of toxin is usually produced and secreted by specific bacterial cells.
Exotoxin
Investigators notice that people who became ill at a wedding ate the chicken, while people who remained healthy did not. What time of outbreak has occurred?
Point source common outbreak
The relationship between humans and many species of intestinal bacteria that receive nutrients and a place to live while providing benefits such as vitamin production is often described using this term
Mutualism
These cells engulf pathogens and present antigen to cells of the adaptive immune system
Macrophages and dendritic cells
These vaccines contain genetic material that provides cells with instructions for making a pathogen-specific antigen.
mRNA vaccines (nucleic acid vaccines)
These are an example of a chemical virulence factor produced by pathogens that help them invade further into tissue.
Exoenzymes
An infection transmitted directly from one person to another through physical contact is a type of this transmission
Direct contact transmission
A microorganism that normally lives harmlessly on or in the body but can cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised is called this
Opportunistic pathogen
MHC Class I present to activate __________ and are found on __________
MHC class II present to activate __________ and are found on __________
Class I present to activate cytotoxic T cells (CD8) and are found on all nucleated cells.
Class II present to activate helper T cells (CD4) and are found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
A patient is bitten by an animal and receives preformed antibodies because immediate protection is needed. The immunity provided is this type.
Hemolysins are produced by some pathogens to lyse red blood cells for the purpose of __________.
Obtaining nutrients (mainly iron) and evading the immune system
Mosquitoes, ticks, an fleas can transmit pathogens between hosts. They are examples of these.
Biological vectors