Chemistry
These three subatomic particles make up an atom, and these are their locations.
What are protons (nucleus), neutrons (nucleus), and electrons (outside the nucleus)?
A fat (triglyceride) has this head and this many tails, and its main cellular role is this.
What are a glycerol head, three fatty acid tails, and energy storage?
Their DNA is enclosed in this structure.
What is the nucleus?
Defining feature: their DNA is not in a nucleus but sits here.
What is the cytoplasm/nucleoid region?
In a phospholipid bilayer, these parts face water, and these parts hide from water.
What are hydrophilic heads facing out/in and hydrophobic tails sandwiched inside?
The maximum number of electrons most atoms can hold in their valence (outer) shell.
What is 8?
A phospholipid has two fatty acid tails and a head with glycerol + phosphate + polar group, making it this kind of molecule.
What is amphipathic?
Free ribosomes mainly make proteins that do this; ribosomes on rough ER make proteins that do this.
What is “stay in the cell” vs. “are secreted or inserted into membranes/organelles”?
The two prokaryotic domains, and they are not the same kind of cell.
What are Bacteria and Archaea?
Of O₂, H₂O, and glucose, this molecule crosses the bilayer most easily without help, and why.
What is O₂, because it’s small and uncharged (nonpolar)?
This type of bond creates partial charges because electrons are shared unequally.
What is a polar covalent bond?
At room temperature, saturated fatty acids are typically this, while unsaturated are this, because their chains are this shape.
What are solid vs. liquid, due to straight vs. kinked chains?
This organelle receives proteins from the RER and adds finishing touches (like carbohydrate tags).
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Prokaryotic cell walls are mostly this, cross-linked by short chains of this.
What are sugar (polysaccharide) chains cross-linked by short amino acid chains?
Two membrane features that generally decrease permeability.
What are longer/saturated fatty acid tails and higher cholesterol content?
This intermolecular attraction between polar molecules (like water) depends on those partial charges.
What is a hydrogen bond?
These lipids have four fused rings; in membranes, this one reduces permeability and provides stability.
What are steroids; cholesterol?
These organelles have cristae, make ATP, and have their own DNA and ribosomes, supporting endosymbiosis.
What are mitochondria?
Most prokaryotes have this number and shape of chromosomal DNA; some also carry small extra DNA pieces called these.
What is one circular chromosome and plasmids?
This passive process uses a membrane protein (channel or carrier) to move solutes down their gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Name the blood buffer pair that resists big pH swings by binding or releasing H⁺.
What is the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system?
The reaction that links fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides by releasing water.
What is a dehydration (condensation) reaction?
These are the largest cytoskeletal fibers; they act as tracks for kinesin and form the core of cilia/flagella.
What are microtubules?
Compared with bacteria, archaeal membrane lipid tails are more strongly connected to each other. This helps them do this in extreme environments.
What is stabilize the membrane to tolerate high temperatures?
Name the pump that moves 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in per ATP, and the type of transport that lets Na⁺ help bring glucose in.
What are the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (sodium–potassium pump) and secondary active transport (Na⁺–glucose cotransporter)?