Building Blocks
Describe the correlation between structure and function (hint: we talked about three on the first day of lecture)
Microvilli increase Surface Area
Hummingbirds having long beaks
Motor proteins for movement
What are the four major classes of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acid, Lipids
What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes: DNA in nucleoid, small, no organelles, DNA exists in circular chromosome
Eukaryotes: DNA in nucleus, typically larger, has organelles, DNA exists in multiple linear chromosomes
What types of molecules are permeable to the membrane?
Gases, hydrophobic molecules, water, and steroids
Draw a water molecule and label its polarity
I will check drawings
What is the core structure of a steroid and why are steroids important?
Core structure is Cholesterol and steroids are important for signaling and cell membrane structure
List the organelles found in a eukaryotic cell
Smooth and rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, Lysosome, Mitochondrion, Peroxisome, Ribosomes, Nuclear envelope, Nucleolus, Chromatin, Centrosome
What are the differences in composition and functions of cell walls in different organisms?
Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, and provide structure for the plant
Fungi plant cell walls are composed of Chitin, and provides structure
What are the four types of bonds that were gone over in class and how do they work?
Ionic, covalent, Hydrogen, Van der Waals (dipole)
Draw a peptide bond between two generic amino acids (use R groups) and label the C and N terminus
I will check drawings
What are the three structures that cells can use for movement?
Cilla, Flagella, Microvilli
What kind of transport needs ATP and which doesn't?
ATP: active transport (primary and secondary)
No ATP: simple and facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
How do you determine whether a molecule is hydrophobic? Hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic: nonpolar, not charged
Hydrophilic: polar, charged
What are the 2 types of fatty acids that have been discussed in class and what is one property of each?
Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temp
Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temp
What are the structures and functions of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules are important for cell shape, division, transport, motility
Actin are important for organization and structure, motility, changing cell shape, and cell division
Intermediate filaments are important for cell structure
What is meant by membrane fluidity? How can membrane fluidity be altered?
Membrane fluidity is composed of proteins floating around in a fluid layer of lipids and depending on it's composition can range from loose packing to tight packing and affects how solid the structure could be. Membrane fluidity can be altered by changing up the amount of cholesterol. and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Draw and name the seven functional groups commonly found in biological molecules.
Bonus point: What are the properties of each group?
I will look at your drawings
What are the three parts of a nucleotide? List the types of nitrogenous bases.
Sugar phosphate backbone, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Adenosine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
How do cells communicate with other cells? The names of the structures and whether the are in plant or animals cells
In plant cells: Plasmodesmata
In animal cells: Gap Junctions, Desmosomes, Tight junctions
What is the phospholipid bilayer composed of? Is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
The phospholipid bilayer is composed of fatty acid tails that make up the hydrophobic end of the molecule, attached to glycerol, a phosphate, and choline group that make up the hydrophilic head. The molecule is considered amphipathic.