Special senses anatomy
What fluid is produced by the ciliary body? What is the fluid's main function?
Aqueous humor; eye pressure
What role do the melanin granules play in the pigment epithelium?
They help absorb light/prevent light from scattering as it hits the back of the retina
What are the 4 cell populations of the pancreatic islets?
Alpha, beta, delta, PP (pancreatic polypeptide)
Describe 1 difference between T3 and T4 (besides the number of iodine atoms) and 1 similarity
T4 = longer half life; prohormone
T3 is the “active” version (faster acting, more potent)
Both produced in thyroid gland
Both regulated by TSH
Both can exert negative feedback on hypothal/ant pit
Describe the physiologic effects of T3/T4 on the liver, heart, CNS, bone, adipose, and reproductive organs
Liver
Increase glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
Heart
Increase HR & BP
CNS
Normal alertness & reflexes - increases dendrites, myelination, synapses
Bone
Helps regulate balance between osteoblasts & osteoclasts (remodeling!)
Stimulates interstitial growth @ epiphyseal plates
Adipose
Lipolysis
Reproductive
Essential for normal fxn
What structure is responsible for refracting ~80% of light onto the retina?
The cornea
How do we discriminate pitch and volume of sounds? (soundwave characteristics)
Via frequency of the soundwaves and the amplitude
Describe the difference between endocrine and paracrine signaling
Paracrine – hormone is secreted from a cell and doesn’t go into the blood, but stays within tissue and acts on neighboring cells
Endocrine – hormones → blood → target
What class of hormones is derived from cholesterol?
Steroid
Compare and contrast the nervous & endocrine systems in regard to:
1. type of chemical messenger
2. distance traveled
3. response duration
4. response time
Nervous: 1. neurotransmitters, 2. always short, 3. milliseconds-seconds, 4. always fast
Endocrine: 1. hormones, 2. long or short, 3. minutes-days, 4. fast or slow
What are the 4 types of papilla?
Circumvallate, fungiform, filiform, foliate
What is a glomerulus in the context of olfaction?
Areas in the olfactory bulb where olfactory sensory neurons synapse with the mitral cells, grouped by their odorant/receptor type
Describe the major differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands
Anterior = glandular tissue; can synthesize hormones
Posterior = neural tissue; extension of hypothalamus; only stores/secretes hormones cannot synthesize them
Name and describe the 3 types of stimuli for the regulation of hormone production & release
Humoral - control of hormone release in response to changes in ECF such as blood
Hormonal - Release of a hormone in response to another hormone
Neural - nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones
Describe the physiologic effects of parathyroid hormone on the bones, kidneys, and intestines
Bone
Inhibit osteoblasts; stimulate osteoclasts = release Ca into blood
Kidneys
Reabsorb Ca
Release calcitriol (steroid hormone)
Intestines
Increase Ca absorption (in response to calcitriol)
Describe what the otoliths are composed of and their function
Calcium carbonate crystals; make the otolithic membrane top heavy so that it can tilt
CN VII (facial) - anterior 2/3 tongue + salivary glands
CN IX (glossopharyngeal) - posterior 1/3 tongue
CN X (vagus) - pharynx & epiglottis
Name the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep
1. zona glomerulosa
2. zona fasciculata
3. zona reticularis
In what 2 locations can hormones be inactivated/metabolized? Provide an example for each
At the receptor or in the bloodstream;
ex receptor: enzymatic degradation, inactivation via low Ca, receptor conformation change, endocytosis of H-R complex
ex bloodstream: enzymatic degradation, degradation by kidneys/liver, excretion by kidneys
Diagram or describe the cellular effects of T3/T4
T4 gets converted to T3 (iodine plucked off by enzyme)
T3 (active) binds to transcription factor
End result = more protein!!
What protein?? Na-K-ATPase
Now we have a bunch of Na-K-ATPases…. What happens to our level of cellular ATP?
Goes down :(
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O = ATP + heat
Increase O2 usage
Increase metabolic rate
Increase heat production
Increase # of mitochondria
BOTH TEAMS: Diagram the path of sound OR light as they pass from external structures through internal structures (including the sensory receptors). Must include ALL anatomy that encounters the sensory info in the correct order for credit! *if you choose sound, do not need to include vestibule structures
Light: cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, retina, rods/cones
Sound: auricle, ear canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea & associated fluids (perilymph/endolymph), hair cells/stereocilia, round window
BOTH TEAMS: the team who chose this question can choose from the following - vision, hearing, or taste - Dr. Carr will give you a task after you choose
Vision: diagram the complete process of phototransduction, beginning when a photon interacts with rhodopsin and ending with the optic nerve
Hearing: diagram the process by which an action potential is generated in a hair cell; label all associated structures
Taste: Create a diagram illustrating how a taste cell is activated (specify if you have chosen sweet/bitter/umami, salty, or sour)
BOTH TEAMS: list or diagram/label all 11 endocrine structures we discussed in class
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands (posterior side of thyroid)
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Uterus
Ovaries
Testes
PRH - prolactin - breasts - milk prod
PIH (dopamine) - prolactin - dec milk prod
TRH - TSH - thyroid - TH - metabolism/growth
CRH - ACTH - adrenal cortex - cortisol - stress etc
GHRH - GH - liver - IGF - growth
GHIH (somatostatin) - GH - liver - dec IGF/growth
GnRH - LH/FSH - gonads - male androgens/female estrogens progesterone - reproduction
BOTH TEAMS: diagram as much of the insulin/glucagon activity as you can remember! the order was 1. stimulus, 2. response, 3. effects, 4. result
Insulin: 1. hyperglycemia, 2. beta cells release insulin, 3. cells take up glucose from the blood and utilize it in cellular respiration/glucose is removed from the blood and stored as glycogen in the liver/inhibits gluconeogenesis, 4. decreased blood glucose
Glucagon: 1. hypoglycemia, 2. Alpha cells release glucagon, 3. inhibits cells from taking up glucose from the blood and utilizing it in cellular respiration/stimulates glycogen in the liver to be broken down into glucose and released into the blood/stimulates gluconeogenesis