Species Interactions 1 (L12 & L14)
Species 1 and 2 are in competition. If all individuals of species 1 are removed, the population size of species 2 will go in this direction.
What is up?
One example of this type of organism is a small plant growing at the base of a tree. This plant has no chlorophyll and gets is sugars exclusively from the tree next to which it grows.
What is a hemiparasite? (Parasite also ok)
This is a group of organisms representing multiple species living in a specified place and time
What is an ecological community?
These are spatial changes in community structure
What is zonation?
This is change in species composition in communities over time
These are two drivers of patterns in landscapes
What are (any 2 of the following):
Abiotic factors (e.g. Climate, Geology, Topography, Species interactions)
Past and present disturbances (e.g. physical processes like fire, biotic processes like beaver dams)
Human activities (e.g. timber harvesting)
This type of growth occurs when removal of plant tissue stimulates new growth
What is compensation?
A species’ niche in the presence of other species is known as this type of niche.
What is a realized niche?
This type of mutualism is not optional for either species involved.
What is an obligate mutualism?
Calculations of diversity in an ecological community contain these two metrics
What are species richness and evenness?
This type of competition occurs when there are a number (more than 2) of interspecific competitors
What is diffuse competition?
This type of succession occurs during the reestablishment of a community in which some, but not all, organisms have been destroyed
What is secondary succession?
This is the habitat surrounding patches of other habitat
What is the matrix?
This occurs when one species drives another to extinction
In a Lotka-Volterra cycle, peaks in the population size of this group (predator/prey) lag behind the other group's peak.
What is the predator population?
This type of mutualist helps plants take up nitrogen in exchange for sugars
What are Rhizobium bacteria?
This metric represents the equitability in distribution of individuals among species
When one species does not interact with a 2nd species directly, but instead influences a 3rd species that does directly interact with the 2nd
This type of succession involves the colonization of habitats devoid of life
What is primary succession
Landscape structure is characterized by these four elements
What are patches, matrix, boundaries/edges, and connectivity
This is an example of a defensive mutualism
What is
- Ant-acacia mutualism
- Cleaner fishes and shrimp that eat ectoparasites and diseased tissue from host fish
Compared to herbivores, carnivores tend to have these 3 traits.
What are (any of these):
1. Lower abundance
2. High N
3. Low encounter rate
4. Small handling time
5. Deal with mobile prey
6. Kill prey
An example of this type of competition is when honey bees and native bees both drink nectar of the same flowering species, but don't physically touch each other
What is exploitative competition?
This is the amount of energy typically lost at each trophic level
This occurs when there is a series of trophic interactions that result in changes in biomass and species composition.
What is a trophic cascade?
This represents a series of sites within an area that are at different stages of succession (seral stages)
What is a chronosequence?
This theory seeks to understand the balance between extinction of local populations and recolonization of empty patches
What is metapopulation theory?
This type of organism acts as an intermediate organism that aids in the transmission of a parasite between hosts
What is a vector?
A sea slug that is toxic and who has brightly-colored skin has this type of coloration.
What is aposematic coloration?
This dynamic occurs when competition favors evolutionary changes in traits between species that reduce resource overlap and allow coexistence
What is character displacement?
This is the trophic level of a bear who eats salmon, who eat shrimp, who eat plants.
What is 4th (aka tertiary consumer aka secondary carnivore)
This occurs when there is an increase in plant quantity or quality that benefits herbivores and, eventually, predators
What is bottom-up control?
In this model of succession, early species modify the environment in ways that benefit later species
What is the facilitation model of succession?
These are two reasons why large patches of habitat tend to support more individuals and species than smaller patches
What are any of the following:
Potential territories supported
Variation in topography & soil types
Ability to develop interior conditions (which some species require)
The most modern approach to succession highlights the importance of these dynamics