Major Regions of the Spinal Cord
Name all regions of the spinal cord and list them anterior to posterior
2) thoracic
3) lumbar
4) sacral
5) coccygeal
what is neurulation
the development of nervous tissue in embryonic development
what are the three protective measures found in the spinal cord
1) vertebral column
2) spinal cord meninges
3) CSF
sensory pathways travel in this direction relative to the brain
ascending (toward the brain)
what is a reflex
rapid, preprogrammed, involuntary responses of muscles or glands to a stimulus. they do not involve the brain in spinal reflexes.
list how many pairs of spinal nerves there are per region of spinal cord, extra point if you list how many total
1) cervical - 8
2) thoracic - 12
3) lumbar - 5
4) sacral - 5
5) coccygeal - 1
TOTAL - 31
when does neurulation occur
at approximately 3 weeks into embryonic development
what is the vertebral column
a stacked bony structure which surrounds/shields nervous tissue
the term for when axons cross the midline of the body, explaining why the right cortex controls the left side
decussation
this is the neural pathway responsible for geneerating a reflex response, inclduing a sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector
reflex arc
which spinal region innervates upper limbs and is continuous with the medulla oblongata
cervical
what is the first structure formed during neurulation
notochord
what other structures within the spinal cord meninges should we know about
- PAD analogy (same as brain)
1) epidural space: between dura mater & periosteum. contain areolar and adipose tissue, and blood vessels
2) subdural space: potential space between dura and arachnoid mater where blood drains
this motor neuron is "first in chain," originating in the primary mototr cortex
upper motor neuron
reflexes serve this ultimate purpose; allowing the body to respond to a potentially harmful stimulus immediately, before conscious awareness occurs
survival mechanism (or protection from harm)
which spinal region innervates lower limbs
lumbar
what does the notochord eventually form
the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
what does cerebrospinal fluid serve as?
a liquid cushion
the direct (pyramidal) motor pathway connects the brain to a muscle using only this many neurons
2 (upper and lower)
in the stretch reflex, when a muscle is stretched, the sensory axon simultaneously does this to the antagonist muscle's motor neurons while exciting the agonist
reciprocal inhibition
T/F: coccygeal is the most inferior spinal region and is on the tip of the spinal cord
TRUE
bonus points
finish this: 1, 2, 1, 2, 3 ___________ ____
T/F: The PAD analogy stands for pia mater, areolar mater, and dura mater
FALSE. pia, arachnoid, dura
indirect corticospinal pathways, used for balance and posture, may include feedback circuits through this brain structure
cerebellum
a hypoactive reflex may indicate this type of damage, while a hyperactive reflex, especially with clonus, may point to damage here instead.
damage to the neuromuscular junction/spinal cord or muscle (hypoactive) vs. damage to the brain or spinal cord (hyperactive)