Chapter 7: Nerves
What are the main parts of the neuron?
Cell body, axon, dendrites
What does serotonin activate?
5-HT receptors
The pons regulates
Breathing
Capscasin receptors activate which sensation?
Heat
Though not hormones in the traditional sense, what compounds serve as cell signaling molecules and are produced by nearly every cell?
Cytokines
What do oligodendrocytes form and where are they found?
Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths and are found in the CNS.
What breaks down acetylcholine?
Acetylcholineesterase (AchE)
What does the cerebellum regulate?
Goal-oriented movements and smooth movements
How is tactile acuity measure?
Two-point threshold
Which two hormones are produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus but released in the posterior pituitary?
ADH and Oxytocin
What are the three main nerve types?
Pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar
How does GABA inhibit action potentials?
Opening chloride channels
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
When an oderant ligand binds to it's receptor, the GPCR activates which pathway?
cAMP Secondary Messaging System
How does the parathyroid regulate calcium?
Increasing calcium reabsorption from filtrate and/or releasing calcium from bones
_________ is generally an inhibitory electrical stimulus, while _________ is generally an excitatory electrical stimulus.
Hyperpolarization is generally an inhibitory electrical stimulus, while depolarization is generally an excitatory electrical stimulus.
EPSPs are _______ because they cause ________.
IPSPs are _______ because they cause _________.
EPSPs are excitatory because they cause depolarization.
IPSPs are inhibitory because they cause hyperpolarization.
Understanding of speech occurs in ______ while coordinating speech movement (talking) occurs in _____.
Understanding of speech occurs in Wernicke while coordinating speech movement (talking) occurs in Broca.
When the eye needs to let more light in, muscles in the iris will _________. When the eye needs to let less light in, muscles in the iris will _________.
When the eye needs to let more light in, muscles in the iris will relax. When the eye needs to let less light in, muscles in the iris will contract.
Prohormones get changed in _______, while prehormones get changed in _________.
Prohormones get changed in endocrine cells, while prehormones get changed in target cells.
In an action potential, first _____ gates _____, allowing _____ to enter the cell and causing ______. Then, voltage-gated _____ channels open, allowing _____ to enter the cell and causing _____.
In an action potential, first Na gates open, allowing Na2 to enter the cell and causing depolarization. Then, voltage-gated K channels open, allowing K2 to enter the cell and causing repolarization.
Name the 5 monoamines.
Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, phenethylamine
The reticular activating system is important to tune out sensory information and contains 2 pathways: an ________ pathway and an _______ pathway. This pathway also stimulates the production of _____, which may play a role in narcolepsy.
The reticular activating system is important to tune out sensory information and contains 2 pathways: an arousal pathway and an inhibition pathway. This pathway also stimulates the production of orexin, which may play a role in narcolepsy.
In the retina, when all-trans-retinal activates _________, they cause ________ channels to ______.
In the retina, when all-trans-retinal activates GPCRs, they cause Na channels to close.
Prostaglandins are formed by ________ acid, a free-fatty acid. The enzyme cyclooxygenase converts this free-fatty acid to prostaglandins and can be inhibited by a class of drugs known as __________.
Prostaglandins are formed by arachadonic acid, a free-fatty acid. The enzyme cyclooxygenase converts this free-fatty acid to prostaglandins and can be inhibited by a class of drugs known as NSAIDs.