mitosis/meiosis
DNA replication/ Transcription
translation/DNA regulation
Mutagenesis
Mendelian/
100
what type of cells does mitosis occur?
Somatic
100
Site of replication is called
Origin of replication
100
What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
tRNA
100
What is the mutagen used in your activity
UV- Ultraviolet
100
Father of Genetics
gregor mendel
200
Identify the stage of mitosis.
Prophase
200
What base in RNA pairs with adenine in DNA?
In RNA, uracil (U) pairs with adenine (A).
200
If the Anti-codon is ACC what is the mRNA codon
UGG
200
What type of Mutagen is induced in the activity?
Physical
200
In a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals (AaBb × AaBb), what is the classic phenotypic ratio?
9:3:3:1 ratio
300
In what stage of meiosis does crossing-over occur, and why is it important?
Crossing-over occurs in Prophase I of meiosis; it increases genetic variation by recombining alleles.
300
What do you call the strand that is being transcribed?
name the 3 terms
Template Strand
Non-coding Strand
Antisense Strand
300
Name the 3 sites of the ribosome
A-aminoacyl site
P-Peptidyl site
E-exit site
300
Differentiate between somatic and germline mutations in terms of their effects on evolution and inheritance.
Somatic mutations: Affect only body cells, not inherited (may cause cancer).
Germline mutations: Passed on to offspring, fuel evolution.
300
If a lethal gene is homozygous YY what percent or ratio is affected in the crossbreed of BBYY x bbyy
none or 0 percent
400
Compare the outcomes of mitosis and meiosis in terms of chromosome number and genetic variation.
Mitosis: Produces 2 diploid identical cells (2n), no genetic variation.
Meiosis: Produces 4 haploid cells (n), each genetically unique.
400
what is the function of the TATA box and what type of organisms can it be found in?
promoter regions for eukaryotes
400
what are the 3 stop codons
UAA, UAG, and UGA
400
what factor besides the mutagen induced in the seeds affects the potential growth in the activity.
exposure duration: Longer exposure increases the number of mutations, making DNA repair mechanisms insufficient → more severe phenotypic abnormalities and lower survival rates.
400
What is the Phenotype ratio or percent if you crossbreed BBxxZZyy x bbXXzzYY
1 or 100% BbXxZzYy
500
Illustrate or explain how nondisjunction during meiosis I can lead to aneuploidy. Provide an example of a human disorder caused by this error.
Nondisjunction in Meiosis I → homologous chromosomes fail to separate → gametes with extra or missing chromosomes. Example: Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).
500
In order explain the enzymes involved in DNA replication and their functions.
Topoisomerase - Relieves tension and supercoiling ahead of the replication fork by cutting and rejoining DNA strands.
Helicase -Unzips the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds
SSBPs- Bind to the separated DNA strands to keep them from reannealing
Primase - Synthesize the RNA primer
DNA Polymerase III - Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in the 5′→3′ direction.
DNA Ligase - joins Okazaki fragments by sealing the sugar-phosphate backbone with phosphodiester bonds.
500
explain translation elongation
initiation- (tRNA entry An elongation factor brings a new aminoacyl-tRNA into the A site. Peptide bond formation: Peptidyl transferase (part of large ribosomal subunit) forms a bond between amino acids in the P and A sites. Translocation: Ribosome shifts 3 bases along mRNA, moving the tRNA with the polypeptide to the P site, and the empty tRNA to the E site (where it exits). - termination
500
Explain the scenario if mutations did occur but nothing happens to the plant or seed.
Many mutations are silent/neutral or occur in non-coding regions.
Plants have backup metabolic pathways and efficient DNA repair systems, allowing some individuals to overcome UV-induced damage.
500
For a child to have AB blood type, one parent must contribute an Ia allele and the other must contribute an Ib allele. What are all the possible combinations of the parent
Parent 1: Type A (IAIA or IAi), Parent 2: Type B (IBIB or IBi)
Parent 1: Type AB (IAIB), Parent 2: Type A (IAi or IAIA)
Parent 1: Type AB (IAIB), Parent 2: Type B (IBi or IBIB)
Parent 1: Type AB, Parent 2: Type AB