unit 1
Name the common Functional groups
Amine
Carboxyl
Carbonyl
Phosphate
Hydroxyl
Sulfhydryl
Methyl
Define an active site
Active sight- site of reaction regarding enymes
what is a codon, what are the start and stop codons
AUG(Met)
UAG UGA UAA
What are two byproducts of photosynthesis
O2
G3P
Glycolysis produces what?
Glucose and Pyruvate
Define Peptide Bonds and Phosphodiester Bonds
Peptide: A bond between amino acids and proteins specifically between a nitrogen and a carbon(specifically a carbon with a double bonded oxygen)
Phosphodiester: found in the backbone of DNA and RNA (In neucleic acids)
Define the first two structures of protein folding
Primary structure- order of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Secondary structure- when theres hydrogen bonds between the backbone of secondary structure, alpha helices and beta sheets (Only between members of the peptide backbone)
What is Transcription and where does it take place
What is Translation and where does it take place
the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA, Nucleus
the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
where do the light dependent and light independent reactions take place respectively
within the chloroplast,
Light dependent: Thylakoid membrane
Light independent: Stroma
what chemicals carry electrons to oxidative phosphorylation
NADH FADH2
List all monomers
Nucleic Acids
Amino Acids
Monosaccharides
Fatty Acids
Define the second two structures of protein folding
Tertiary structure- Parts of the R groups (side chains) interact with each other
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridge, nonpolar interactions
Quaternary structure- not all proteins have it, only if multiple individual strands
polypeptide chains come together to form a protein
Same list as tertiary structure
Define Transformation and Plasmids
Transformation: process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
Plasmid: A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome
which way does the H+ gradient move
goes into the thylakoid lumen then back out with the creation of ATP
Which processes produce ATP
glycolysis
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylyzation
List all Macromolecules
Nucleotides
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Define competitive inhibitors
Competitive inhibitors- Block the active sight
what is an operon
which chemicals are given to teh thylakoid membrane by the calvin cycle and vice versa from teh thylakoid membrane
from calvin cycle: ADP Pi NADP+
from Thylakoid membrane: ATP NADPH
how do electrons get to glycolysis
NADH
Define dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis- water is used to split apart a polymer into monomer, one water molecule per bond that’s split apart
Dehydration synthesis- Opposite of hydrolysis, takes monomers and make them into polymers
Define allosteric inhibitors vs activators
Allosteric inhibitor- binds somewhere else but end up changing the active site so it’s no longer functional
Allosteric activators- Bind somewhere else and increase reaction rate
if lactose is present, is the repressor on or off?
how does the answer effect the gene expression
The repressor is off which allows transcription to occur and let the gene expression occur as normal
Define photosystems 1 &2
PSII is the first photosystem in the sequence of the light-dependent reactions and is responsible for splitting water (photolysis)
PSI is the second photosystem in the light-dependent reactions and is responsible for accepting electrons from the ETC and transferring them to NADP+ to form NADPH.
What's between Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
Pyruvate oxidation