Basic Chemistry
What are atoms and molecules?
Atoms are basic units of measurement that makes up everything on earth, Molecules are formed by 2 or more atoms bonding together
What atoms are present in Macromolecules
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What are reactants and products?
Reactants: glucose and oxygen
Products: carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy in the form of ATP.
What is the interrelationship between respiration and photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis, where plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, is the reverse of cellular respiration, where glucose and oxygen are used to produce carbon dioxide and water
What is conservation of Matter and Energy
neither matter nor energy can be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
What is covalent bonding? How does it work?
Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, typically a filled valence shell. It's a type of chemical bond that forms between nonmetal atoms.
What are enzymes and what is their function?
Substances that speed up chemical reactions within living organisms without being consumed or permanently altered themselves.
What is the role of the mitochondria?
generating most of the ATP (energy currency) needed for cellular functions.
What is the role of the chloroplast?
Chloroplasts are the organelles within plant and algal cells responsible for carrying out photosynthesis
How does photosynthesis support life on Earth?
converting sunlight into chemical energy and releasing oxygen. It provides the basis for the food chain and maintains the balance of gases in the atmosphere.
What is the pH scale?
a measurement system that indicates the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution.
Acids: Strong acid 0-3, weak acid 4-6, neutral 7
Base: weak base 8-10, strong base 11-14
Describe how dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis work and how they are used
Dehydration synthesis builds complex molecules from smaller ones by removing water, while hydrolysis breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones by adding water.
What energy transformation takes place in this chemical reaction?
Chemical energy in glucose- stored in the bonds of glucose molecules (C6H12O6), a sugar molecule
Broken down through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
Converted to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ATP is the usable energy currency of the cell
What are the reactants and products?
Reactants: carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
Products: glucose, a type of sugar, and oxygen.
Why is carbon the basis for all life?
its unique bonding properties, enabling it to form a wide variety of complex and stable molecules essential for life processes
What are some properties of water?
Adhesion, Cohesion, Polarity, High specific heat, density of ice, universal solvent neutral Ph
Structure and function of all macromolecules
Carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, main source of quick energy
Protein: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, builds muscle, skin, and hair
Lipids: C, H, and some O, long term energy storage
Nucleic Acid: C, H, O, N, P (phosphorus), store and transmit genetic information
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain (ETC).
What are the different stages of photosynthesis?
light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle). The light-dependent reactions, happening in the thylakoid membrane, use sunlight to generate ATP and NADPH
What are the polymers and monomers of each biomolecule?
Polymers: polysaccharides (for carbohydrates), polypeptides (for proteins), nucleic acids (for DNA and RNA), and lipids (specifically triglycerides and diglycerides).
The monomers: monosaccharides (like glucose), amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids/glycero
What determines and Acid and base?
Acid: a substance that, in solution, produces hydrogen ions (H+)
Base: a substance that can accept hydrogen ions (H+)
What is a triglyceride?
Made up of 1 glycerol molecule (a 3 carbon alcohol), 3 fatty acid chains (long chains of carbon and hydrogen)
Ex: Saturated fatty acid, Unsaturated fatty acid
What is the relationship between Aerobic and anaerobic resperation?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and is more efficient, producing significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.
What energy takes place in this chemical reaction?
Light energy from the sun captured by chlorophyll in plant cells (in chloroplasts)
Converted through the light dependent reactions
Stored as chemical energy in the form of glucose (C6H12O6) during the calvin cycle
What are the functional groups of biomolecules?
hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl,