Chapter 9 & 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Extra Stuff
100
True or false: There is a release of energy when ADP converts to ATP.
False
100
What is mitosis?
Splitting of the nucleus during cell division
100
What are the different forms of a gene called?
Alleles
100
What is the shape of DNA?
Bonus 100: What does DNA stand for?
Double helix
Bonus: Deoxyribonucleic acid
100
What is one difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA: double-stranded, in the nucleus only, has thymine, contains the sugar deoxyribose
RNA: single-stranded, can leave the nucleus, has uracil, contains the sugar ribose
100
What is the word we use that means to make or create?
synthesis
200
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
It is a pigment that collects sunlight that is used as energy to build sugars/glucose.
200
During what phase does DNA replication occur?
S phase- Interphase
200
What is a genotype? What is a phenotype?
genetic makeup (BB); physical traits
200
What bonds are represented by #1 and what bonds are represented by #2?
1) hydrogen bonds
2) covalent bonds
200
1)What is the term used for changes to the sequence of nucleotides in DNA, or changes to chromosomes?
2) Name at least one mutagen.
1) mutation
2) smoking, radiation, sunlight, UV rays...
200
Why is it that we don't catch on fire/explode when we break down glucose for energy?
Glucose is broken down in several small steps (think of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC)
300
What is the role of light in photosynthesis?
Bonus: what are the electron carriers in photosynthesis? (provide both versions)
Light provides the energy for assembling small molecules into sugars. It also excites electrons so we can add them to electron carriers.
Bonus: NADP, NADPH
300
Describe the cells created at the end of mitosis in 3 ways.
Are they identical to the parent? yes/no
Are they identical to each other? yes/no
Are they diploid or haploid? diploid/haploid
Yes, yes, diploid
300
Use the letter "H" to show the following genotypes:
Homozygous dominant:
Homozygous recessive:
Heterozygous:
Homozygous dominant: HH
Homozygous recessive: hh
Heterozygous: Hh
300
What are the 3 tasks that DNA must be able to do?
Store information
Express genes
Copy itself
300
What is the amino acid for AUA?
Isoleucine
300
1) What are the 2 molecules that are made in glycolysis and therefore start the Krebs cycle?
2) How many times does the Krebs Cycle spin?
1) Pyruvic acid
2) 2
400
When plants make glucose in photosynthesis, it stores/releases energy.
When we use glucose in cellular respiration, we break down/store energy.
stores, break down
400
What are the 4 phases of mitosis? Give a VERY brief description of each.
Prophase- nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes condense, centrioles form spindles
Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle at the metaphase plate
Anaphase- sister chromatids (chromosomes) are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase- two new nuclei begin to form, membrane begins to pinch to separate itself
400
What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance? Give an example of each.
Bonus 100: Which type of genotype do we see this dominance occur-- homozygous or heterozygous?
Incomplete dominance shows offspring that have an intermediate phenotype (a blending of the two traits). Red and white flowers breed and make pink flowers. In codominance, we see offspring that show BOTH traits (there is no blending, they both show). Human blood type AB, white and black spotted chickens.
Bonus 100: heterozygous
400
What is Chargaff's Rule?
How does this change for RNA?
A=T, G=C
A=U, G=C
400
1) What is transcription? Where does it happen?
2) What is translation? Where does it happen?
1)Transcription- making of RNA using a DNA template
Transcription takes place in the nucleus.
2) Translation- proteins are made using ribosomes that read codons on mRNA
Translation takes place in the cytoplasm (at the ribosome)
400
What are the two main goals of mitosis?
Growth and repair/healing
500
1. What 2 products of cellular respiration are reactants of photosynthesis?
2. What 2 products of photosynthesis are reactants of cellular respiration?
1. Carbon dioxide and water
2. Sugar and oxygen
500
Which phase of cell division refers to the "splitting of the cytoplasm"?
cytokinesis
500
ALL OR NOTHING. Answer these 3 questions to get 500 points. BE SPECIFIC!
1) When does crossing-over occur?
2) When does interphase occur in meiosis?
3) If a unicorn skin cell has 60 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in a unicorn sperm cell?
1) prophase 1
2) interphase ONLY happens before meiosis 1
3) 30 chromosomes
500
What are the 2 differences between DNA in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is in linear chromosome form and is located in a nucleus
In prokaryotic cells, DNA is in a circular chromosome form and is located in the cytoplasm
500
Make the complementary strand of DNA: GCGCTTATTAAGC
Now, transcribe the new strand of DNA you just made to RNA?
1) DNA: CGCGAATAATTCG
2) GCGCUUAUUAAGC
500
What is the enzyme that builds new complementary strands of DNA from a DNA template?
What is the enzyme that builds a strand of RNA from a strand of DNA?
1) DNA polymerase
2) RNA polymerase
600
What are the 3 parts of cellular respiration? Where does each take place?
Glycolysis- cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle- mitochondrial matrix
Electron transport chain- inner membrane of the mitochondria (inner mitochondrial membrane)
600
1) What is cancer?
2) What is a tumor?
3) What is programmed cell death called?
1) uncontrolled cell division
2) a mass of cancer cells that form due to uncontrolled cell division
3) apoposis
600
What are 3 of the differences between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis has 2 divisions, mitosis has 1
Mitosis ends with 2 cells, meiosis has 4
Mitosis daughter cells are identical the parent and to each other, meiosis daughter cells are not identical to the parent or each other
Meiosis daughter cells are haploid, mitosis daughter cells are diploid
The goal of mitosis is growth and repair, the goal of meiosis is to make gametes
600
Make the complementary strand of DNA: ATCCTGGCTAT
Now, transcribe the new strand of DNA you just made to RNA?
New DNA: TAGGACCGATA
RNA: AUCCUGGCUAU
600
What are the 3 types of RNA? Give a brief description of each.
mRNA- carries codons from DNA to the ribosome so that we can make proteins
tRNA- carries amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins
rRNA- makes up the subunits of ribosome
600
Complete the punnet square for the following crosses:
-IAIB x IBi
-IAi x ii
-IAi x IBi
Bonus 200 pts: name all human blood type phenotypes and give the genotypes for each.
SEE WHITE BOARD FOR ANSWERS!
A blood: IAIA or IAi
B blood: IBIB or IBi
AB blood: IAIB
O blood: ii