Opiates and Depressants
This is the most addictive opiate
What is heroin?
This is one of the most popular illegal stimulants
What is cocaine?
These drugs cause perceptual distortions in the user, such as intensified light, color, and sounds, changing shapes in objects, synesthetic experiences, and time alterations
What are psychedelics?
This consists of dopaminergic neurons originating in the VTA and connecting to several areas in the limbic system, including the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the hypothalamus, and parts of the frontal cortex.
The heritability of addiction was first established with this addiction.
What is alcoholism?
According to your book, these are the three effects of opiates on the body
What is analgesic (pain relieving), hypnotic (sleep inducing) and a sense of euphoria (a sense of happiness or ecstasy)?
This group of synthetic drugs produces euphoria and increase confidence and concentration
This is the street name of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
This neurotransmitter is the primary one implicated in addiction
What is dopamine?
Baseline levels of dopamine activity decrease in the mesolimbocortical dopamine pathway with drug abuse, resulting in tolerance and a decreased response to rewarding stimuli. Yet, because drugs can increase dopamine transmission, it makes a person sensitive to it
_____% of addiction is due to heredity
What is 50%?
This is a condition in which the intestines produce ethanol from ingested carbohydrates
What is auto-brewery syndrome?
This drug blocks adenosine receptors, increasing the release of dopamine and acetylcholine
What is caffeine?
These are the receptors that the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana bind to in several parts of the brain
Bonus: How do these receptors work?
What are cannabinoid receptors?
Bonus: Cannabinoid receptors are found on axon terminals, and cannabinoids are released by postsynaptic neurons and act as retrograde messengers, regulating the release of neurotransmitters
Addictive behavior is maintained by this, according to researchers
What is learning?
Glutamate is involved in the remodeling of synapses during learning. A single administration of cocaine modifies glutamate receptors on dopamine neurons in the VTA, increasing the effectiveness of glutamate activity for a week
___________, a major characteristic of an "addictive personality," is about 49% heritable
What is impulsiveness?
This type of drug, in small amounts, produces talkativeness and increased social interaction. In higher amounts, it serves as a sedative and a hypnotic
What is a barbiturate?
This drug, when taken in short puffs, produces a stimulating effect; when inhaled deeply, it has a tranquilizing effect
What is nicotine?
Triple Bonus: True/False: marijuana is addictive.
It depends.
These types of treatments replace an addicting drug with another drug that has a similar effect. These treatments block the effects of an addicting drug
What are agonist treatments? / What are antagonist treatments?
This is the attachment of a methyl group to DNA, which suppresses a gene's activity. This process modified gene functioning in more than 7,000 genes of smokers and former smokers
What is methylation?
Alcohol inhibits this neurotransmitter and increases the release of this neurotransmitter
Triple Bonus: Why is it dangerous to mix alcohol with barbiturates or benzodiazepines, neurologically?
What is glutamate? / What is GABA?
Bonus: Alcohol affects the GABA-A receptor, which is a receptor complex that responds to GABA, hyperpolarizing the neuron and opening chloride channels. Other receptors in the complex respond to alcohol, barbiturates, and benzos to enhance the binding of GABA to its receptor and its ability to open chloride channels.
This is the leading preventable cause of death, accounting for 480,000 premature deaths annually in the United States, and 6 million worldwide
What is smoking?
Studies have shown that this drug can be used in conjunction with psychotherapy to treat PTSD
What is MDMA?
This drug is used in the treatment of heroin, and, combined with therapy, produces abstinence rates of 60-80% of heroin addicts, compared to 10-30% abstinence rates in programs that use only behavioral management
What is methadone?
Understanding the heritability of addiction is so complicated, that in a study of 120,000 coffee drinkers, eight gene locations that contribute to caffeine addiction explain only about _______% of the variation in caffeine intake.
What is 1.3%?