VOCAB
What is the difference between a fact vs a principle?
Fact: An objective, verifiable observation
Principle: A statement based on repeated experimental observation that describes an aspect of the world
Explain the relationship between independent and dependent variables within a hypothesis.
The independent variable is the cause and the dependent variable is the effect.
“If this happens (the IV = the cause) then this will happen (the DV = the effect).”
What are the 6 elements necessary for life?
C, H, O, N, P, S
Define monomer and polymer.
Monomer =Small basic sub-unit that makes up polymers
Polymer = Larger more complex structure made of monomers
List which macromolecule is not obtained from our food and where we do get it from.
Nucleic acids are NOT obtained from our food but are instead inherited from our biological parents (half in the mother’s egg and half in the father’s sperm)
Quantitative describes....... and qualitative describes.......
Qualitative: Describes qualities using the senses
Quantitative: Uses numbers and measurements to quantify something
Give 2 observations and 2 inferences about this picture.
Observation:
- they are in a car
- they have blonde hair
Inference:
- it's Barbie and Ken
- they are driving
Is water polar or nonpolar?
Water is polar, which means it has an unequal distribution of charges.
What order does our bodies consumer macromolecules? And which one do we never consume?
Carbs, lipids, proteins.
Our bodies never consume nucleic acids.
Define science.
A study of the natural world based in experimentation and thus, supported by evidence.
How are hydrophobic and hydrophilic different?
Hydrophilic means “Water loving”; a substance that has an affinity for water
Hydrophobic means “Water fearing”; a substance that does not have an affinity for water
What's the difference between significance and accuracy?
Precise data is specific and consistent among trials.
Accurate data is correct, meaning close to the accepted value.
What did the water droplet on penny lab show you?
Water has a high surface due to cohesion.
What are the monomers for carbs, lipids, and proteins?
Monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids.
What is the energy storage for the 4 macromolecules?
Carbs 4 cal/g
Lipids 9 cal/g
Proteins 4 cal/g
Nucleic acids 0 cal/g (our body doesn't use for energy)
What is a macromolecule?
Large organic molecules that make up all living things
Anh observes that her brother, who is a swimmer, can hold his breath for a really long time. She wonders if other types of athletes can hold their breath for just as long.
She decides to conduct an investigation of different types of athletes and how long they can hold their breath.
What is the IV, DV, and constants in this experiment?
IV = type of athlete (which sport they play)
DV = how long they can hold their breath
Constants = age of athletes, temperature and conditions where the data is collected, pre-existing health conditions of any of the athletes, physical activities (or amount of rest) done prior to collecting the data, etc.
What are the levels or organization that make up an organism?
Organ system, tissue, atom, organ, cell, organism, molecule, organelle.
Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
Give an example for each type of macromolecule.
Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbs: sugars and starches
Lipids: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steriods
Proteins: Hemoglobin, insulin, collagen, messenger
Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA
Why are proteins the most diverse macromolecule?
They are the most diverse in function because they are the most diverse in shape 🡪 form dictates function.
There are 4 levels to their structures giving them great variety.
Define these terms:
independent variable, dependent variable, constants, experimental group, control group
Independent variable: What is deliberately changed or manipulated in an investigation
Dependent variable: What changes in response to the IV; what is measured
Constants (controlled variables) : Aspects of an experiment that are kept constant/consistent
Experimental group: Group(s) being tested
Control group: Standard/”normal” group used for comparison
Write a hypothesis for an experiment with the following:
IV=brand of running shoes
DV=running time in a race
If the runner wears Nikes, then they will run their marathon faster than if they wear Hokas.
Name at least 3 properties of water and why it makes it a unique molecule.
Cohesion makes water molecules stick to each other, creating a high surface tension in water.
Adhesion makes water molecules stick to other types of molecules, allowing for capillary action in plants.
High specific heat means it takes a LOT of energy to change the temperature of water, and thus its temperature doesn’t fluctuate much and acts as a buffer to climate changes.
Water is less dense as a solid so ice floats on liquid water, making it possible for life to exist under frozen surfaces.
Water is the universal solvent because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid.
Explain the main function of each macromolecule.
Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
C: Energy storage molecule (short term) as well as structure, signaling, transport
L: Energy storage molecule (long term) as well as insulation, cushioning, structure and protection
P: Run your body and pretty much do everything else: enzymes, hormones, transport, muscles, movement, antibodies, receptors
NA: Informational molecule; the instructions for making proteins; store, transmit, and express your genetic information; they make you “YOU”
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.