Bacteria
Going Viral
Down with the sickness
Facts to tell at parties
100

What do bacteria do whenever conditions become unfavorable for life?

form an endospore and decrease metabolism 

100

A ________ is any of a family of RNA viruses that have an enzyme (reverse transcriptase) capable of making a complementary DNA copy of the viral RNA, which then is integrated into a host cell’s DNA.

Retrovirus

100

What is the incubation period?

the time between infection or contact with the agent and the onset of symptoms or signs of infection.

100

3 possible causes of cancer

carcinogens, viruses, radiation

200

Main form of reproduction in bacteria?

Binary fission

200

Lytic vs Lysogenic

Lytic: cell death with virus multiplication

Lysogenic: virus reproduces as cell divides

200

What causes mad cow disease?

Prions-an abnormal form of protein

200

The slimy layer of complex carbohydrates on some bacteria is called a _______

capsule

300

Name and describe the 3 methods of genetic transfer in bacteria

In transformation, a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment. In transduction, DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus. In conjugation, DNA is transferred between bacteria through a tube between cells.

300

How do viruses reproduce?

infecting a host cell, "commandeer" the host cell and use its resources to make more viruses

300

What are the three lines of defense in the body against disease? What is an example of each?

1. Structural Defenses: mucous, intestinal flora, lysozymes from tears, skin secretes fatty acids to inhibit growth

2. Nonspecific Defenses: phagocytic cells, LYMPH, fever, inflammation response

3. Specific Defenses: specific antibodies

300

Describe the bacteria shapes (coccus, bacillus, spirillum)

cocci-spherical

bacillus-rod shaped

spirillum-spiral

400

What do bacteria that carry out anaerobic respiration produce? (Name 3+, every additional is 100+)

lactic acid, alcohol, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, acetic acid (vinegar), citric acid, and ammonia.

400

Herpes is a _______ type of virus.

lysogenic 

400

What is an immune carrier?

spreading pathogens without showing symptoms, technically still has the disease

400

Rickettsiae are?????

small bacterium that are INTRACELLULAR PARASITES, example is TYPHUS

500

What does gram stain tell us about a bacteria's cellular makeup?

Gram staining stain bacteria either purple (gram-positive) or pink (gram-negative) based on the amount of PEPTIDOGLYCAN found in the cell walls.

500

What are interferons?

bind to receptors on cells other than the infected cell, causing them to produce enzymes that inhibit viral replication

500

Summarize Koch's 4 postulates

  1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease but should not be found in healthy organisms.
  2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
  3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
  4. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
500

How can a fever act as a defense reaction to an infection?

You get a fever because your body is trying to kill the virus or bacteria that caused the infection. Most of those bacteria and viruses do well when your body is at your normal temperature. But if you have a fever, it is harder for them to survive. Fever also activates your body's immune system.

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