Inorganic Compounds
Buffer
used to help maintain our bodies pH, they either take up or release hydrogen ions
Products and Reactants
Products are the result of a chemical reaction
Reactants are the things that go into the reaction
The Scientific Method
- a way of answetirng questions while minimizing bias
1. Make observations
2. Create hypothesis
3. Test hypothesis
4. Revise hypothesis
Radioisotop vs. Isotope
Radioisotope- unstable, the radiation they admit is harmful to living things
Isotope- an atom or molecule with more or few neutrons
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
protons- positively charged and found in nucleus
neutrons- uncharged but contribute to mass, found in the nucleus
electrons- negatively charged and orbit around the nucleus
pH
-pH7 is neutral
-lower is acidic, higher is basic
-the lower the pH, the more hydrogen ions are released and the more acidic is is (vice versa)
Polar covalent bonds and non-polar covalent bonds
Polar is a bond with unequal electronegativity and sharing
Non-polar is a bond with fairly equal electronegativity
Discovery Science
using large amounts of experimental data to form hypothesis
Atom
the basic unit of a chemical element
Essential vs. Trace elements
essential- substances that the body cannot make and that must be obtained from the environment
trace- other essential elements that are presented in smaller quantities
Bases and Acids
Bases- "proton acceptors", they take up hydrogen ions
Acids- release hydrogen ions, strong is they release lots of hydrogen ions, weak they release few hydrogen ions
Single vs. Double Bonds
Single- sharing one pair of electrons
Double- two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons (4 total)
Hypothesis
proposed answer to a scientific question
Ions
atoms or molecules with unequal numbers of electrons or protons, they have a positive or negative charge, they are formed by accepting or donating electrons
Chemical Reactivity
covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons, the number of electrons a molecule has determines the chemical behavior
Salt
an inorganic compound formed by ionic bonds, tend to dissolve in water and water creates space between the bonds
Hydrogen bond vs. Ionic bond
Hydrogen- formed between two molecules that contain polar covalent bonds
Ionic- electrostatic attraction between two fully charged atoms
Theory
a broad idea that is supported by lots of evidence
Covalent Bonds
formed when 2 or more atoms share more than one pair of electrons, the strongest chemical bond
Molecules
atoms that are covalently bonded together
Organic vs. Inorganic
Inorganic doesn't contain carbon and tends to be small
Van der Waals Interaction
happens between any two molecules through random electron movements through partially negative or positive areas
How do we reduce bias?
-science will always have misconceptions that effect conclusions
-having different scientist work on similar problems
-increasing diversity of those practicing science
Element
-a substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by chemical reactions
-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (4 most abundant elements)
Chemical Reaction
formation or breakage of chemical bonds