Enzymes
What is an enzyme? Bonus 20 points: What is the suffix to determine an enzyme?
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions! Also known as a catalyst (term for speeding up reactions).
Bonus point: -ase
What is cellular Resp.?
How we derive energy from the food we eat.
Name the reactants and products in Photosynthesis.
Sunlight (light energy)+12H2O+6CO2 (reactants)
--->
C6H12O6+O2+H2O (products)
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? (Chart) (at least 3)
DNA - Deoxyribose, DS, Double helix, Nucleotides: A-T & C-G, Blueprint/boss, genome
RNA - Ribose, SS, Single helix, Nucleotides: A-U & C-G, Messenger, enzymatic properties, ribozyme
Draw the central Digma
DNA (Genome) ---> RNA (messenger) ---> Protein (Gene)
Lable Picture On Board.
- substrate
- Enzyme
- Active site
- Enzyme/substrate complex
What are the four stages of Cellular Resp. ? (in order)
Bonus 20 points
1. Glycolysis
2. Breakdown Pyruvate
3. Kreb's cycle (CAC)
4. Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)
Lable the chloroplast.
- Stroma
- Thylakoid stack
- Grana
- Lumen
- Phospholipid bilayer
What are the two strands in DNA replication?
- leading strand is 5' - 3'
- lagging strand is 3' - 5'
(Strands are complementary and antiparallel)
What part of the cell is Transcription and Translation located in?
Transcription - Nucleus
Translation - Cytoplasm ---> ribosome
Chemical reactions occur in metabolic reactions.
Describe catabolic and anabolic pathways
Catabolic pathways:
- break down cellular components
- Exergonic (releases energy), spontaneous and slow
Anabolic pathways:
- synthesize cellular components
- Endergonic (Engery stays IN), non-spontaneous
What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic processes?
- Anaerobic is a process in which NO oxygen is required
- Aerobic is a process that requires oxygen
Lable the leaf and describe.
- mesophyll
- stromata - gas exchange occurs (O2 <---> CO2)
- guard cells(BFFs) - On a hot day they close to keep water in, while on a rainy day, they open up to allow water to come in.
What is the first step of DNA replication and what does it do?
- Starts with Helicase, which is an enzyme that unwinds the helix
Steps of Transcription/ Translation
1. Initiation (start)
2. Englogation (bigger/long)
3. Termination (stop)
Describe the two activations for an Enzyme and what they do.
Activations turn enzymes on.
Co-Factors: Inorganic (non-Carbon-based), assist enzymes
Co-Enzymes: Organic (Carbon-based), carry electrons
Where does each stage take place in the cell? (be specific)
1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm
2. Breakdown pyruvate - Mitochondria
3. Kreb's cycle - mitochondrial matrix
4. ETC - Inner membrane of the mitochondria
Lable the tree + sun.
- cellular respiration
- Transpiration (water evaporates in the leaves)
- Xyleum (H20 up (CA)) (Vascular tissues)
- Phloem (Glucose down) (Vascular tissues)
- H20/minerals (increase SA/VOL)
- Photon
On which strand are Okazaki fragments located?
- Fragments located on the lagging strand which consist of RNA primase plus DNA
What is transcription?
What is translation?
Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA (first stage of gene expression)
DNA ---> mRNA
Process in which genetic information flows from mRNA to protein. In other words, translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide.
mRNA ---> Protein
Describe the reversible inhibitors and irreversible inhibitor and explain what they do.
Two reversible inhibitors:
- Competitive: binds to the active site, blocking it
- Non-competitive or allosteric: binds to the allosteric site
Irreversible inhibitor:
- Usually binds covalently to an enzyme to inhibit function. Ex: nerve gas
Lable the Cellular Resp. Bubble sheet.
- 2 ATP
- 2 ATP
- 36 ATP
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH
- ETC
- Mitochondria
- Cytoplasm
- Fermentation
- Glycolysis
- Glucose
- 2 pyruvate
- Lactic acid
- Kreb's cycle
Name the two stages, where they each take place, and their final products.
stage 1. Light-dependent reaction, in the thylakoid
- Products: O2 + NADPH + ATP
stage 2. light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle), begins in the stroma
- Products: ADP+P + NADP+H + G3P
Lable the fork.
- leading strand
- lagging strand
- Okazaki fragments
- Helicase
DNA - TAG-GTT-AAC-GAC-CGA
DNA -?
RNA -?
DNA - ATC-CAA-TTG-CTG-GCT
RNA - AUC-CAA-UUG-CUG-GCU