DNA, Cell Cycle, and Protein Synthesis
what shape is dna
double helix
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is genetic makeup; phenotype is the physical expression.
What organelle performs photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
What are the four major macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What organelle is known as the "control center" of the cell?
Nucleus
What enzyme unzips DNA during replication?
Dna helicase
What is a gamete?
A reproductive cell (sperm or egg).
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy
What reaction joins monomers together?
Dehydration Synthesis
What organelle produces ATP?
Mitochondria
Name the four stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is crossing-over and why is it important?
Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; increases genetic variation.
What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
What reaction breaks polymers apart?
Hydrolysis
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
Transcription makes RNA from DNA; translation makes protein from RNA
What is natural selection?
Individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully.
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fats have no double bonds; unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Explain why DNA replication is called semi-conservative.
Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
Compare homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures.
Homologous structures share a common ancestor; analogous structures have similar functions but different origins; vestigial structures are reduced remnants of structures that once had a function.
Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
The products of one are the reactants of the other. Photosynthesis makes glucose and oxygen; respiration uses them to make ATP and releases carbon dioxide and water.
Explain how temperature and pH can cause an enzyme to stop functioning.
They can denature the enzyme, changing its shape and active site.
Compare active transport and passive transport.
Active transport requires energy and moves against a concentration gradient; passive transport does not require energy and moves with the gradient.