simple
What organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell?
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
Describe what a chromosome is. Composed of? Where does it live? How many pairs humans have?
A chromosome is a Rod-shape cellular structure made up of condensed chromatin which contains DNA that carries our genetic information which controls our inherited information.
It lives inside the nucleus and humans have 23 pairs.
Why is each phase of the cell cycle important?
In between each step there are checkpoints where the cell checks to make sure everything is going perfectly and if something goes wrong the either restart the phase or sends the cell into apoptosis. The cell cycle ends with mitosis where the cell divides.
What are mutations and why do they occur?
Mutations are a change in the genetic sequence.
They occur as a cause of illness or exposure.
What are the parts of a Nucleotide?
1. Nitrogenous base (ex. adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil)
2. Pentose sugar (ex. deoxyribose and ribose)
3. Phosphate group
What is the 2-chain DNA structure called? And name the base pairs.
The 2-chain DNA structure is called a Double helix.
The base pairs are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
Explain how photosynthesis works and the two contribution participants in plants creating food.
Plants take in sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons.
Name 3 organelles of the cell and what their roles are…
Mitochondria: produces energy for the cell
Cytoplasm: holds all the organelles in place
Proteasome: disposes of waste
Why is it important for us to study the human genome?
It is important for us to study this because it allows us to search for genes linked to different types of diseases and understand inherited disorders and their treatment.
Name the steps in DNA replication and what part each contributing factor involved plays.
Phase 1: the Helicase comes in at the origin and unwinds the DNA.
Phase 2: the primase comes in and makes RNA primers on both strands.
Phase 3: the DNA polymerase builds the new strands in the direction 5' to 3'.
Phase 4: the ligase takes the care of the gaps between the Okazaki fragments, sealing them together.
Define the human genome.
The human genome is the Complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans that control gene expression.
What is the number one job of RNA? Why is this important?
RNA carries biological information; it reads the instructions on the DNA.
In what form does the Mitochondria present energy and how?
It presents energy in the form of ATP, by releasing a phosphate group.
Name a cell that doesn’t continue to divide. (why it doesn’t regenerate)
Neurons do not continue to divide.
They lack the Centrioles for Mitosis, so it is not possible for the cell to divide.
Explain how genetic splicing can affect mutations and how this can be beneficial to us in the future.
Usine gene-splicing vaccines are produced. Gene-splicing technology allows researchers to insert new genes into the existing genetic material of an organism's genome so that entire traits can be copied from one organism and transferred to another. This can help us find cures for diseases in the future.
Explain what photosynthesis is, and what energy source is utilized.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
Name the electrical impulses that most nervous systems utilize to transmit information. And give an example of this in motion.
The electrical impulses that most nervous systems utilize to transmit information are called Neurotransmitters.
Ex. When you stub your toe, the Neurotransmitters tell your brain that you stubbed your toe and it hurt.
Explain the cell cycle.
The cell cycle starts with interphase. Interphase contains stages.
1. G1- the cell gets really fat to make room for growth.
2. DNA Synthesis- the cell replicates its DNA
3. G2- the cell's organelles all duplicate and get ready for mitosis
Mitosis: the nucleus duplicates through a series of phases; prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What are the two major phases of the cell cycle and describe what happens in each.
1. Interphase (g1 cell growth s DNA synthesis g2 prep for division/ protein synthesis)
2. Mitosis (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
Are Fossil Fuels good or bad?
Fossil Fuels can be good but can also be bad. Some pros for using fossil fuels are that they: are efficient energy sources, are easy to transport, generate thousands of jobs, etc. Some cons would be that they: create health complications, are the primary cause of environmental degradation, have continually rising prices, etc.
Why is the cell membrane called the bi-lipid layer? What function does its structure provide? Name 3 functions
The cell membrane is called the bi-lipid layer because it is composed of two layers of phospholipids.
Some functions that the cell membrane provides is the ability to (1) keep out toxins, (2) hold cells together, (3) has receptors and channels that allow specific molecules in or out.
What are the major differences between eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains and protects the DNA, and prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells are found in plants and animals whereas prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and archaea.
Explain the steps of the scientific method…
(1) Observation: observe all aspects of what you will be experimenting and record your findings.
(2) Hypothesis: take your observations and make an educated guess as to what will happen when you perform the experiment.
(3) Experimentation: perform the experiment.
(4) Conclusion: do an overview of all you have found through the first 3 steps and come to a conclusion as to what you discovered.