Chemistry of Life and Water
How does water influence ocean and large bodies of water temperatures?
It has a high specific heat and can hold a large amount of heat without changing temperature drastically.
What is the role of a photosystem?
To capture light and transfer it to the reaction center to cleave a water molecule.
What is the sequence in a tRNA molecule that "reads" the mRNA sequence?
Anti-codon
How many chromosomes does the human genome have?
46
What is the location of a gene on a chromosome called?
Locus or Loci
What are the four major macromolecules of life?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
How many codons code for an amino acid in the genetic code table?
61
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
What kind of dominance is represented by human blood typing?
Deoxyribose (pentose sugar) nucleic acid (adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine)
What is chemiosmosis?
Using a hydrogen ion (H+) gradient to power ATP synthase which phosphorylates ADP to make ATP
Which two modifications occur to ends of a mRNA after it is transcribed?
Addition of a 5' Guanine cap and a 3' poly A tail
What is the closest organelle to the nuclear envelope?
What are two things that increase genetic variation?
Crossing over, independent assortment or fertilization (sexual reproduction)
How do acids lower the pH of a solution?
What are the two phases of photosynthesis and where do they take place in the cell?
Light reactions (photosystem II and I) in the thylakoids and the dark reactions (Calvin cycle) in the stroma of the chloroplast
What are two examples of post translational modifications that can occur?
Glycosylation, proteolysis or phosphorylation
What are the three cytoskeletal elements, in increasing size?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
If a color blind mother has a child with a normal vision father, what are the chances that the sons will be color blind?
100%
What are the four levels of protein structure and one example of each (when applicable)?
Primary - sequence of amino acids
Secondary - alpha helices or beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonding)
Tertiary - hydrophobic interactions or disulfide bonds
Quaternary - joining of polypeptide subunits
Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Photosynthesis converts light energy and CO2 into glucose and O2 while cellular respiration breaks down glucose and O2 into ATP and CO2
What is the difference between a missense and a nonsense mutation?
A nonsense mutation creates a premature stop codon and a missense mutation substitutes a different amino acid for the correct one.
When do sister chromatids separate in mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: Anaphase and Meiosis: Anaphase II
How are chromosomal loci of two genes on a chromosome related to recombination frequencies?
The closer two genes are, the less likely crossing over will occur between them OR the further apart two genes are on a chromosome, the more likely crossing over will occur between them.