Enzymes
What is the substance called that an enzyme binds to?
Substrate
What is the bond called that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another?
Peptide bond.
What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
The phosphate head.
Name the four main types of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
What is denaturation in biology?
The process of altering a protein's structure, leading to loss of function.
Name the model that describes how enzymes work, suggesting they change shape to fit the substrate.
Induced fit model.
Which part of an amino acid is variable and determines its properties?
R-group or side chain.
What are the two hydrophobic tails of a phospholipid made of?
Fatty acids.
Which biomolecule is primarily used for energy storage?
Carbohydrates.
Name one factor that can cause denaturation of proteins.
Heat, pH extremes, or exposure to chemicals.
What is the term for the region on an enzyme where the substrate binds?
Active site.
How many standard amino acids are there?
Twenty
Where are phospholipids most commonly found in the cell?
Cell membrane.
What is the primary structure of a nucleic acid?
A chain of nucleotides.
True or False: Denaturation is reversible.
It depends on the extent of denaturation, but in many cases, denaturation is irreversible.
What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
Temperature increases enzyme activity until the enzyme denatures.
What is the term for the sequence of amino acids in a protein?
Primary structure
What is the structure formed by phospholipids in an aqueous solution called?
Lipid bilayer or micelle.
How are lipids different from other biomolecules in terms of structure and function?
Lipids are hydrophobic and nonpolar, and they play a key role in energy storage and insulation.
How does denaturation affect the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins?
Denaturation disrupts the folding and bonding of secondary and tertiary structures.
What is an enzyme's role in a biochemical reaction?
To lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction.
Which amino acid has a sulfur-containing R-group?
Cysteine
How do phospholipids contribute to membrane fluidity?
Their unsaturated fatty acid tails prevent packing.
What is cholesterol's function in the body ?
Cholesterol is essential for the production of hormones and cell membranes.
Give an example of a denatured protein and its consequences.
Cooking an egg denatures the protein albumin, resulting in the solidification of the egg white.