Body Systems Pt 1: Respiratory, Circulatory, & Musculoskeletal
The primary purpose of this system is to facilitate gas exchange, bringing in oxygen needed by body cells and removing carbon dioxide.
What is the respiratory system?
This system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS)—brain and spinal cord—and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)—nerves throughout the body. It controls bodily functions by transmitting signals via neurons, utilizing the brain for processing, the spinal cord for signaling, and nerves for communication.
What are the parts of the nervous system?
Maintain homeostasis by removing metabolic waste and excess substances.
What is the purpose of the excretory system?
Deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material in humans and almost all living organisms, acting as a blueprint for building and maintaining the body. It is a double-stranded molecule shaped like a twisted ladder (double helix) composed of four nitrogenous bases—adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)—that pair up (A with T, C with G) to encode genetic instructions.
What is DNA?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.
What are the stages of mitosis?
A four-chambered muscular organ that includes the right/left atria (receiving chambers) and right/left ventricles (pumping chambers). It delivers oxygenated blood to the body and takes in deoxygenated blood for reoxygenation.
What is the heart?
This system consists of a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body against foreign invaders. Key components include white blood cells (leukocytes), antibodies, the lymphatic system, the spleen, bone marrow, and the thymus.
What are the parts of the immune system>
Small intestine, 90%.
What organ absorbs the most amount of food and what percentage is it?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA in the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, directing ribosomes to synthesize specific proteins. It acts as a temporary blueprint for protein production, allowing cells to create, grow, and function properly.
What is mRNA?
Unique cells capable of self-renewal and differentiating into specialized cell types to repair or replace damaged tissues. In embryos and bone marrow (multipotent), used in regenerative medicine to treat diseases by creating new tissues.
What are stem cells?
A complex, integrated organ system comprising bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments that provides structural support, protection for vital organs, and enables movement.
What is the musculoskeletal system?
[blank] immunity arises when your body produces its own antibodies and memory cells in response to an infection or vaccination, offering long-lasting protection. [blank] immunity occurs when an individual receives pre-made antibodies from another source, providing immediate but temporary protection
What is passive and active immunity?
In the mouth by chemical breakdown through saliva and mechanical breakdown through teeth.
Where does the food start to be digested and how?
Is formed through protein synthesis, a two-step process: transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein). Ribosomes in the cytoplasm read the mRNA sequence to build a polypeptide chain of amino acids, which then folds into a precise 3D shape, determined by amino acid interactions.
What is protein production?
Prophase is the longest; chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures. Metaphase is when the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell. Anaphase sister chromatids are separated at the centromere and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell. In telophase, the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, nuclear envelopes form, and old spindle fibers disappear.
What happens in each stage of mitosis?
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cavae, passes through the right ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, moves to the left ventricle, and is pumped through the aorta to the body.
What is the pathway of blood through the body?
a rapid, temporary rise and fall in the electrical membrane potential of excitable cells, such as neurons and muscles, acting as an "all-or-nothing" signal
What is an action potential?
Skin, Lungs, Liver, Large intestine, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
What are the main organs involved in the excretory system?
The metabolic process in which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the primary energy currency of the cell—releasing carbon dioxide and water as waste products. It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of eukaryotic organisms, providing energy for life functions
What is cellular respiration?
Phospholipids, proteins, and receptors
What are the three components of the cell membrane?
Tiny, thin-walled, balloon-like air sacs are located at the end of the bronchioles within the lungs. They are the functional units of the respiratory system where oxygen from inhaled air passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood is exhaled.
What are the alveoli?
a biological preparation that stimulates the body's immune system to recognize and fight specific harmful bacteria or viruses without causing the disease
What is a vaccine?
Skin eliminates excess water and salts; the urethra is a tube that carries urine out of the body; the lungs remove gaseous waste; the ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
What are the functions of the skin, urethra, lungs, and ureters?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to break down glucose completely into carbon dioxide and water, yielding a high amount of energy (approx 36 ATP) in the mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, resulting in partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol, producing low energy (2 ATP) in the cytoplasm
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A barrier that allows certain molecules or ions, such as water or solvent.
What is semipermeable?