1
What is the Endosymbiont Theory
Membrane bound organelles of eukaryotic cells are descended from ancient prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger prokaryotes
Especially mitochondria and chloroplasts
Probably happened about 1.5 billion years ago
Inductive vs Deductive
Inductive: small to big; take a specific observation and apply it to a general topic
Deductive: big to small: applying general laws to understand specific phenomena
Researcher doesn’t know which group has been treated until
after the data have been analyzed
Blind Experiment
What ratio of CHO is in a carbohydrate
1:2:1
Replication>Transcription>Translation
What function groups makes up an amino acid?
Carboxyl, Amino
What is the process of joining macromolecules called? How does it work?
Dehydration synthesis, water molecule removed
If there are 60 grams of NpNp-240 present, how much NpNp-240 will remain after 4 hours? (NpNp-240 has a half-life of 1 hour)
3.75g
Trans vs Cis isomers
Trans-opposite
Cis-Same
Why aren't Lipids polymers?
Because they do not form a chain they are made up of a head and fatty acid tails
Scientific Method
1) recognition and formulation of a problem
2) collection of data through observation and experiment
3) formulation of hypothesis (best guess at the solution to problem)
4) testing of hypothesis in laboratory or controlled conditions
Seven Characteristic for life
Homeostasis Organization Metabolism Growth Adaptation Response to stimuli Reproduction
What functional group is acidic? Basic?
What diseases could stem from the failed folding of a protein
Mad Cow, Alzheimers, Parkinson's
HDL can absorb LDL and transport it to the liver where it is emulsified and eliminated from the body (GOOD)
LDL contributes to plaque formation in arteries and artheriosclerosis(BAD)
What DNA base pairs are purines/pyrimidines
purines-A,G (double ring)
Pyrimidines-T,U,C (single ring)
What do all nucleotides contain
Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, sugar
Functions of Carbohydrates
Energy, Structural, Cell signaling
Differences between RNA and DNA?
RNA: Single Stranded, Ribose, Uracil,
DNA:Doubled stranded, Deoxyribose, Thymine
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats? What is Hydrogenation? What does it create?
Saturated: no double bond so it is solid at room temp, clogs arteries
Unsaturated:Cis-double Bonds causes bonding, less likely to get clogged, more liquid at room temp
Hydrogenation: artificially saturated fats, creates trans fats that have a trans double bond and DO NOT BEND
Functions of Proteins
Storage, Transfer, Defense, Enzymatic, Hormonal Receptor, Motor protein
List the bonds from weakest to strongest.
What are the differences between Cellulose and Glycogen
Cellulose- straight, 1-4 beta
Glycogen- branched 1-6, 1-4 alpha
Functions of Fats?
energy storage, insulation, cushion