Scientific Method
The variable you purposely change in an experiment.
The independent variable
The three particles found inside an atom.
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons?
The organelle that stores DNA and controls the cell.
The process of copying DNA into mRNA.
What is transcription?
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.
What are restriction enzymes?
The variable you measure to see the effect.
What is the dependent variable?
A bond where two atoms share electrons.
What is a covalent bond?
The organelle known as the power plant of the cell.
What are mitochondria?
The process of reading mRNA to make a chain of amino acids.
What is translation?
A lab method that separates DNA fragments by size using electricity.
What is gel electrophoresis?
The group that receives no change and is used for comparison.
What is the control group?
Small building block molecules that can join together to form big ones.
What are monomers?
Cells that have NO nucleus.
A three-base code on mRNA that tells the ribosome what amino acid to add.
What is a codon?
A process that makes millions of copies of DNA.
What is PCR?
Factors that must stay the same to keep an experiment fair.
What are constants?
Big molecules made by repeating many small units.
What are polymers?
Cells that DO have a nucleus.
What are eukaryotes?
The matching three-base code on tRNA.
What is an anticodon?
Small circular DNA molecules found in bacteria.
What are plasmids?
A study where you do NOT change anything—only watch and collect data.
What is an observational study?
The process that breaks molecules apart by adding water.
What is hydrolysis?
A cell membrane property that lets some things in but not others.
What is selective permeability?
The codon that signals “start making a protein,” and the amino acid it codes for.
What is a start codon?
A gene-editing tool that can cut DNA at precise locations.
What is CRISPR?