Chemistry principles and functional groups
What particle is on the outside of atoms? What is their charge?
Electrons, they have a negative charge
What chemical process can bond a glycerol molecule with fatty acids to form a triglyceride?
Dehydration synthesis
Amino acids are the building blocks of ________
proteins
What elements make up carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What letter does each of the four nucleotides start with?
T. A. C. G.
What is the formula and name of the functional group present in compounds known as alcohols?
Hydroxyl group
A wellness advertisement claims that replacing all dietary plant oils (unsaturated fats) with animal lard (saturated fats) will improve heart health without negative cardiovascular impacts. This is scientifically inaccurate. Why?
High dietary intake of saturated animal fats is strongly linked to negative cardiovascular conditions such as high cholesterol and heart disease.
What type of covalent bond links adjacent amino acids together in a polymer chain?
(it's a dumb tiktok thing)
peptide bonds
What chemical process joins two monosaccharide monomers together into a disaccharide while releasing a water molecule?
Dehydration synthesis
Which nitrogenous base is present in RNA molecules but absent in DNA?
URACIL
>:-)
The functional group consists of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom C=O
the carbonyl group
hydrocarbons
Which structural part of an amino acid determines its specific chemical properties and distinguishes it from other amino acids?
Its R group
What primary 6-carbon monosaccharide is used by cells during cellular respiration to produce energy?
glucose
Which DNA nucleotide pairs with which DNA nucleotide ?
A pairs with T
C pairs with G
T pairs with A
G pairs with C
What are five functional groups?
Carboxyl, Carbonyl (Ketone, Aldehyde),
Hydroxyl, Amino, Phosphate, Sulfhydryl
What are the two types of structural building blocks that combine to form a fat molecule (triglyceride)?
A glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
What are two chemical elements in an amino group
Hydrogen and Nitrogen
What elements make up carbohydrates, AND in what typical hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio?
- carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- in a 2:1 ratio
A lab technician analyzes ONE strand (one HALF) of double-stranded DNA and discovers that 30% of its nitrogenous bases are adenine. What percentage of the bases in this DNA sample is cytosine?
If 30% of its nitrogenous bases are adenine,
then 20% must be cytosine.
A biochemist isolates an organic molecule from a cell and observes that it dissolves readily in water and contains a high concentration of non-ionized OH hydroxyl groups. Why does it interact favorably with water?
They form hydrogen bonds with polar water molecules.
What are the differences between the chemical bonds of unsaturated fats and saturated fats?
Saturated fats do not have double bonds, and are solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats with double bonds can be liquid at room temperature.
What are the four structural components attached to the central carbon atom of an amino acid?
an amino group
a carboxyl group
a hydrogen atom
and an R group
A food chemist analyzes a plant derivative and identifies a disaccharide composed of one glucose unit and one fructose unit. What carbohydrate was isolated?
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
A researcher transcribes a single-stranded RNA molecule using a DNA template strand with the base sequence 3'- T-A-C-G. -5'. What is the sequence of the synthesized RNA strand from 5' to 3'?
5'- A-U-G-C. -3'