Chemical Bonds and Water Properties
These chemical bonds form when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons
What are covalent bonds?
These are the starting substances that get changed during a chemical reaction when bonds break and reform
What are reactants?
Monosaccharides (or simple sugars) like glucose serve as the monomer building blocks for this group of carbon-based molecules
What are carbohydrates?
Known as the "energy currency of the cell," this molecule directly provides energy for most cellular processes
What is ATP?
The cell membrane consists of a bilayer of these molecules, featuring polar hydrophilic heads and nonpolar hydrophobic tails
This property of water refers to the attraction between water molecules, allowing them to "stick" to one another
What is cohesion?
This term describes the minimum amount of energy that must be absorbed to start a chemical reaction
What is activation energy?
These monomers are linked together by peptide bonds to construct proteins
What are amino acids?
Energy is released for cell processes when this specific group is removed from ATP
What is a phosphate group?
The movement of molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration without requiring energy is known as this
What is passive transport?
Water is classified as this type of molecule because oxygen pulls shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen, creating slight positive and negative charges
What is a polar molecule?
A chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases and feels cold to its surroundings is called this
What is endothermic reaction?
Glucose and fructose share the exact same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but have different structures, making them examples of these
What are isomers?
Compared to high-energy ATP, ADP is considered a low-energy molecule because it only has this many phosphate groups
What is two?
When a cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than inside the cell, water leaves the cell and causes it to shrivel in this type of solution
What is a hypertonic solution?
In a solution, this term refers to the specific substance that gets dissolved by a solvent
What is a solute?
A catalyst speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by doing this to its activation energy
What is lowering it?
A nucleotide monomer consists of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and this third component
What is a 5-carbon sugar?
Cells break down carbon-based molecules from food to regenerate ATP during this metabolic process
What is cellular respiration?
Active transport requires energy (ATP) because it pumps materials across the membrane in this concentration direction
What is from low to high concentration?
An acidic solution has a pH less than 7 because it contains an excess of these specific ions
What are hydrogen ions
Extreme changes in temperature or pH can cause an enzyme's 3D shape to unfold and unravel, a process known as this
What is denaturing?
Fatty acids that contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms and are usually liquid at room temperature are called this
What are unsaturated fatty acids
In an ATP molecule, chemical energy is stored specifically in the bonds between these structures
What are the phosphate groups?
This lipid component in the plasma membrane provides strength and keeps phospholipids from solidifying at cold temperatures
What is cholesterol?