Organelles
What part of the cell is responsible for protection and structure?
The Cell Wall
What type of reaction is this?
Endergonic
What are the four phases of cellular respiration in order?
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain
What are the two phases of photosynthesis in order and where do they take place?
1. Light Reaction in the thylakoid lumen
2. Calvin Cycle in the stroma
Where are proteins synthesized?
In the ribosomes
What is the purpose of enzymes?
to lower activation energy needed for a reaction
Where does glycolysis happen and why?
It happens in the cytoplasm because glucose is too big to diffuse into the mitochondria.
What are the phases of the Calvin Cycle?
1. Fixation (of carbon dioxide)
2. Reduction of 3PGA
3. Regeneration of RuBP from G3P
What is the Golgi complex responsible for?
Protein and lipid processing, packaging, distribution
What are the factors involving enzymatic activity?
1. Temperature
2. pH levels
3. Substrate concentration
What are the two electron carriers in cellular respiration?
1. NAD+ ---> NADH + H+
2. FAD ---> FADH2
In the Light Reaction formula, what gets oxidized, what gets reduced, and what gets phosphorylated?
1. H2O gets oxidized into O2
2. NaDP+ gets reduced to NaDPH
3. ADP gets phosphorylated into ATP
What is the difference between the Rough ER and the Smooth ER?
The Rough ER is responsible for protein processing, while the Smooth ER performs lipid synthesis and processing
What is the difference between cofactors and coenzymes and what is their role?
1. Cofactors are inorganic and coenzymes are organic
2. They are both needed at the active site in order to bind and stabilize substrates properly.
What are the inputs and outputs of pyruvate oxidation?
Inputs: 2 Pyruvate and 2NAD+
Outputs: 2CO2, 2NADH, and 2 Acetyl CoA
Name all the compounds in the Light Reaction
Photosystem II
Cytochrome
Photosystem I
NADP+ Reductase
ATP Synthase
What is the difference between peroxisomes and lysosomes?
Peroxisomes are where redox reactions occur. Lysosomes are used for digestion and recycling.
What are the type of enzyme inhibitors? Describe them and their role.
1. Competitive Inhibition: a molecule competes with a substrate for the active site, by binding to the enzyme.
2. Allosteric Inhibition: a molecule will attack to the enzyme (not in the active site), causing the enzyme's active site to change shape
What are the inputs and outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Inputs: 2 Acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 ADP + Pi, and 2 FAD
Outputs: 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2
What is the formula for the Calvin Cycle?
3CO2 + 6NADH +9ATP --->
1G3P + 6NADH + 9ADP + 8 Pi