meiosis + mitosis
In diploid organisms, meiosis results in four of these types of cells, each containing half the original genetic material
What are haploid cells (or gametes)?
This law states that two alleles in a pair separate from each other into different gametes.
What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?
An inheritance pattern where the heterozygote phenotype is an intermediate mix of the two homozygous phenotypes (e.g., Red x White = Pink).
What is incomplete dominance?
DNA is wrapped around these associated proteins to form chromosomes.
What are histones?
The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
What is a locus?
What is crossing over?
To determine the unknown genotype of an organism expressing a dominant phenotype, you would cross it with a homozygous recessive individual in this type of experiment.
What is a test cross?
An inheritance pattern where both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote in distinguishable ways (e.g., Blood Type AB).
What is codominance?
One percent of recombination frequency is equal to one of these units on a gene map
What is a map unit (or centimorgan)?
The physical or physiological expression of a trait, which can be influenced by genotype and environment.
What is phenotype?
While sister chromatids separate in Meiosis II, these separate during Meiosis I.
What are homologous chromosomes?
This phenotypic ratio is expected in the offspring when crossing two dihybrid individuals (heterozygous for two traits).
What is 9:3:3:1?
Genes are considered this if they are located close enough together on the same chromosome that they tend to be inherited together.
What are linked genes?
This "outside of the nucleus" type of DNA supports the endosymbiotic theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotes.
What is mitochondrial (or chloroplast) DNA?
Different forms of the same gene found on homologous chromosomes.
What are alleles?
This process creates somatic (body) cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
What is mitosis?
This law states that genes located on separate chromosomes will sort into gametes randomly.
What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?
This scenario occurs when heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than either type of homozygous individual (e.g., sickle cell trait).
What is heterozygot advantage?
In epigenetics, this chemical change to DNA usually represses transcription (turns genes "off").
What is DNA methylation?
This term refers to the variability in phenotypes that exists in a population.
What is phenotypic diversity?
An error in meiosis or mitosis where members of a pair of homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly.
What is nondisjunction?
Another term for "true-breeding," this describes an individual with two copies of the same allele.
What is homozygous?
Traits that are controlled by multiple genes, often resulting in continuous variation in phenotypes.
What are polygenic traits?
A visual chart that depicts the chromosomes inside one cell’s nucleus, often used to identify chromosomal anomalies.
What is a karyotype?
An individual that is heterozygous for two traits of interest.
What is a dihybrid?