BIO102 Review

Cellular Organization

100

This organelle is responsible for the production of ATP 

Mitochondria 

200

Transcription (DNA --> mRNA) occurs in this central organelle

Nucleus

300

This organelle is responsible for lipid production for the use in membrane biogenesis 

Endoplasmic Reticulum 

400

This component is the cellular machinery for protein synthesis

Ribosomes

500

This is one piece of evidence for the proof of the endosymbiotic theory 

- Double membraned organelles 

- Organelles with individual circular DNA 

(Mitochondria & Chloroplasts) 

Proteins/Enzymes

100

Proteins are made up of long polypeptide chains of what macromolecule? 

Amino acids

200

Beta sheets are common structures formed by this non-covalent backbone-backbone interaction 

Hydrogen Bonds

300

Hydrophobic forces play an key role in this level of protein structure 

Tertiary  

400

Enzymes increase the rate of reaction by decreasing what threshold value? 

Activation Energy 

500

This type of enzymatic regulation is when a ligand binds to a site other than the active site and can have positive or negative effects.

Allosteric regulation

Carbohydrates

100

Are monosaccharides polar or non polar?

Polar

200

A condensation reaction between two -OH groups forms this type of covalent bond that hold two monomers together 

Glycosidic Linkage

300

Polysaccharides for energy storage (starch & glucagon) are often linked together like this? 

alpha-glucose linked by alpha-linkages 

400

Polysaccharides for structural support (chitin & cellulose) are often linked together like this

beta-monomers with beta-linkages

500

After modification, proteins (often membrane bound proteins) can contain oligosaccharides attached to it, what function do the oligosaccharides play? 

- Signaling/recognition 

- Physical protection

- Cell-cell adhesion

Lipids & Membranes

100

Why is a phospholipid considered amphipathic?

Both polar and non-polar molecule

- Polar (hydrophilic) glycerol + phosphate head

- NP (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon tail

200

If a cell/vesicle is in a hypertonic solution, will water enter, leave, or stay the same? What are the effects on the cell/vesicle?

Water will leave the cell (more solute outside) and will cause the cell/vesicle to shrink

300

Arrange the following in order of most permeable to least permeable across the cell membrane.

A. CO₂     B. Glucose     C. K⁺      D. H₂O

A, D, B, C

Small NP, Small Polar, Large Polar, Small Ions

400

What is the difference between Channel/Carrier and Pump membrane transporters 

Channel/Carrier transporters --> Facilitated Diffusion (No energy required) 

Pump --> Active transport (Requires energy (ATP)) 

500

Will a membrane with a higher amounts of saturated phospholipids have a higher or lower permeability?

Lower permeability

Bioenergetics

100

Is an increase in disorder (∆S) is favorable or unfavorable? Provide the sign (+/-) of ∆S with your response. 

Favorable, +∆S

200

Is photosynthesis (equation below) is an example of an endo or exothermic reaction? Provide the sign for ∆H with your answer. 

CO₂ + H₂O + Sunlight --> C₆H₁₂O₆  + O₂

Endothermic, +∆H

300

If the reactants have more energy than the products, the reaction is endo or exothermic? What is the sign of ∆H?

Exothermic, -∆H

400

Coupled reactions are important for cellular function. In the cell, this type of favorable reaction can be used to fuel this type of unfavorable reaction? 

Exergonic, Endergonic 

500

If a reaction is endothermic and has a decrease in entropy, will the reaction be spontaneous or non-spontaneous? Provide the sign (+/-) of the ∆G

Non-spontaneous, +∆G