Cellular Organization
This organelle is responsible for the production of ATP
Mitochondria
Proteins are long polypeptide chains made up of what monomers?
Amino acids
Are monosaccharides polar or non polar?
Polar
Why is a phospholipid considered amphipathic?
Both polar and non-polar molecule
- Polar (hydrophilic) glycerol + phosphate head
- NP (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon tail
What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
covalent bonds are electron sharing resulting in partial charges (polarity) and ionic bonds are electron stealing resulting in full charges
Transcription (DNA --> mRNA) occurs in this central organelle in eukaryotes
Nucleus
Beta sheets are common structures formed by this non-covalent backbone-backbone interaction
Hydrogen Bonds
A condensation reaction between two -OH groups forms this type of covalent bond that hold two sugar monomers together
Glycosidic Linkage
What is a Van der Waals interactions?
weak attraction among hydrophobic molecules, increases their stability
This organelle is responsible for lipid production for the use in membrane biogenesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What type of side chain is the following: charged + or -, polar or nonpolar?
polar
Polysaccharides for energy storage (starch & glucagon) are often linked together like this?
alpha-glucose linked by alpha-linkages
Arrange the following in order of most permeable to least permeable across the cell membrane.
A. CO2 B. Glucose C. K+ D. H2O
A, D, B, C
Small NP, Small Polar, Large Polar, Small Ions
What is a hydrogen bond?
electrostatic attraction between partial (δ+) charge on H to the partial (δ-) charge of another molecule
This component is the cellular machinery for protein synthesis
Hydrophobic forces play an key role in this level of protein structure
Tertiary
Polysaccharides for structural support (chitin & cellulose) are often linked together with
beta-linkages that exhibit hydrogen bonding
What is the difference between Channel/Carrier and Pump membrane transporters
Channel/Carrier transporters --> Facilitated Diffusion (No energy required)
Pump --> Active transport (Requires energy (ATP))
What is the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules and how they interact with water?
Nonpolar molecules have no charges (equal sharing of electrons), hydrophobic (do not interact with water via H-bonds, but exhibit VDW interactions)
Polar molecules have partial charges, hydrophilic (interact with water via H-bonds and easily dissolve in solution)
Name one piece of evidence for the proof of the endosymbiotic theory
- Double membraned organelles
- Organelles with individual circular DNA
(Mitochondria & Chloroplasts)
What might happen if a channel protein has a mutation that causes a polar amino acid on the surface to become nonpolar?
This would lead to a misfold of the protein structure which would cause loss of function of the channel
After modification, proteins (often membrane bound proteins) can contain oligosaccharides attached to it, what function do the oligosaccharides play?
- Signaling/recognition
- Physical protection
- Cell-cell adhesion
Will a membrane with a higher amounts of saturated phospholipids have a higher or lower permeability?
Lower permeability
What are acids and bases and how do they impact pH?
Acids give up protons during a chemical reaction which increases H+ concentration and decreases pH
Bases acquire protons during a chemical reaction which decreases H+ concentrations (increases OH-) and increases pH