Population Genetics
A source of genetic variation that results from a change in DNA sequence.
What is a mutation?
A trait that increases fitness of an individual to a particular environment.
What is an adaptation?
A biological process that occurs as a result of the following three steps:
1. Genetic isolation
2. Divergence of traits
3. Reproductive isolationWhat is speciation?
A schematic representation of hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
The chemical evolution of complex organic molecules of life from simpler inorganic molecules.
What is abiogenesis?
This principle and equation are used to quantify microevolution (within a population).
What is Hardy-Weinberg?
A factor that prevents organisms from possessing the best phenotype for a specific selective force.
What is a constraint?
A mechanism of genetic divergence that results from subpopulations having different allele/genotype frequencies.
What is genetic drift?
A grouping on a phylogenetic tree of all descendants of a common ancestor, including the common ancestor.
What is a clade/monophyletic group?
This self-replicable, heritable molecule is the progenitor of life.
What is RNA?
In the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equations, this term stands for the frequency of the heterozygous genotype in the population (A1A2)
What is 2pq?
This occurs as one trait increases fitness in one way, a simultaneous change reduces fitness in another trait. This prevents the organism from optimizing both traits.
What is an evolutionary trade-off?
Physical isolation of the populations that prevents gene flow.
What is the allopatric model of speciation?
This term describes the most simple version of a phylogenetic tree.
What is parsimonious?
The relationship that the microbiome, 104 prokaryotes in our G.I. tract, have with humans.
What is mutualistic symbiosis?
The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is p=0.19 (A1) and q=0.81 (A2). Find the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in the population.
What is q2=0.66?
This mode of selection favors extreme phenotypes at both ends of the range of phenotypic variation.
A type of reproductive isolation that occurs when offspring don't survive or can't reproduce.
What is postzygotic isolation?
Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most parsimonious?
What is tree 2?
This theory describes how an ancestral prokaryote ingested ancient aerobic bacterium (as well as ancient cyanobacterium) to become the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
What is endosymbiosis?
In a population of finches, dark beaks (D) are dominant over light beaks (d). There are 210 homozygous dominant finches (DD), 245 heterozygous finches (Dd), and 45 homozygous recessive finches (dd).
In 5 generations, the frequency of genotypes was found to be p2=0.30 (DD), 2pq=0.56 (Dd), and q2=0.14 (dd). Is this population of finches in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
Original frequencies: p2=0.42, 2pq=0.49, q2=0.09.
The equation set up as: (Variance among individuals due to genotype)/(Phenotypic variation) and defines the proportion of variation due to difference in genotype.
VG/Vp
What is the equation for heritability?
In a population of sand beetles, 80% of the beetles have a dark shell, with 20% having a light shell. The dark shelled beetles live closer to the water since they blend in with the wet sand, and the light shelled beetles live further from the water since they blend in with the dry sand. However, a tsunami comes and wipes out most of the population. Due to their distance from the water, 90% of the surviving beetles have light shells.
What is the bottleneck effect?
Create a phylogenetic tree from the following cladistic table.
(see google docs)
The status of whether or not viruses are alive.
What is not alive?