What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?
Water will enter the cell through osmosis and the cell will swell and possibly burst.
100
What is an active site?
The place on an enzyme where substrate(s) bind
100
How are eukaryotic RNAs processed (3 steps)?
RNA splicing and the addition of a 5' cap and poly-A tail
100
Are reduced hybrid viability and fertility post or prezygotic isolating mechanisms?
Postzygotic
200
What bond holds together oxygen and hydrogen atoms WITHIN a molecule of water
Polar covalent bond
200
What are the two stages of photosynthesis and in which part of the chloroplast does each stage occur?
Light reaction and the Calvin Cycle. Light reaction takes place in the granum, which is composed of stacks of thylakoid. The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
200
True or false In Meiosis, we start with 2n. After Meiosis I we end up with n. After Meiosis II, we have n again. If false, tell me why and give me the correct answer
True
200
Which type of natural selection can result in two different species?
Disruptive Selection
300
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Receives vesicles containing proteins and membrane from the rough ER and modifies, sorts, and ships them
300
Define competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.
Competitive inhibition: competitive inhibitor binds to active site and blocks substrate binding. Noncompetitive inhibition: noncompetitor binds to other site which changes the shape of the protein so substrate cant bind.
300
What 3 mechanisms in meiosis promote genetic variability?
Crossing over, Independent assortment, Random fertilization
300
What are the two types of genetic drift- explain both.
The founder effect: Occurs when a small number of individuals become isolated from a larger group and go on to establish a new population of their own. The bottleneck effect: Occurs when a catastrophic event causes a drastic reduction in the size of a population. Only the survivors' genetic information remains in the gene pool
400
What are independent and dependent variables?
Independent variable: The variable(s) that you manipulate. Dependent variable: What you expect to change as a result of manipulation of the independent variable. What you measure
400
Explain chemiosmosis (what powers it, what happens, and what protein is used)
ADP and P is converted into ATP using the protein ATP synthase and the H+ gradient (there is a large concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space)
400
What is the same and what is different between DNA polymerase III and I?
They both synthesize new DNA by adding complementary base pairs to the parent/original strand. DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers from the 5' end and replaces them with DNA
400
What are the five assumptions that must be met for a population to be in H-W equilibrum?
No mutation . No natural selection . No genetic drift . No gene flow . Random mating.
500
Explain the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid- how does this affect their packing?
Unsaturated fatty acids have kinks in their tails because of the presence of double bonds. This causes looser packing of the fatty acids.
500
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle? Name them and explain briefly what happens in each step.
1.Carbon Fixation - CO2 is attached to a 5-C sugar rubisco using RuBP 2.Reduction – 6 G3Ps are formed and one exits 3.Regeneration – regenerate RuBP
500
Define/ explain epistasis.
When the phenotypic expression of one gene is affected by another gene at a different locus (location)
500
What does it mean for a population to be in H-W equilibrium?
The alleles for a gene do NOT change over time in a population