History of Scientific Thought
Unit 2
Diversity of Life
Unit 4
Unit 5
100
Give all the definitions of Science.
1.the sum of human behaviors when we control our environment 2.body of theoretical knowledge 3.set of procedures to understand nature as an epistemology 4.content 5.procedural
100
What is the cell theory?
pattern: All things are made up of cells. process: All things come from pre-existing cells.
100
what is the germ theory of disease?
pattern- certain diseases are infectious process- these diseases are caused by the transmission and growth of certain bacteria and viruses
100
What are the four levels of ecology?
organismal- studies characteristics of organisms population- how population number changes overtime community- how different populations interact ecosystem- biotic and abiotic factors and interactions
100
What are the four types of species interactions? Explain them.
competition- both species decrease their fitness consumption- one species basically eats the other commensalism- one species is benefiting and the other is getting nothing out of it mutualism- both species are benefiting from their interactions
200
How did Aristotle and Plato differ with their forms/ realms?
Plato -forms- perfect idea of everything -material realm- imperfect replicas Aristotle -form- descriptions; what it looks like, etc. -matter- what it actually is
200
What is evolution?
pattern: 1. All species share a common ancestor 2. All species change over time process: Natural Selection
200
What are Koch's postulates?
1. the microbe must be present in individuals suffering from the diseases but absent from the healthy 2. microbe isolated and grow in a pure culture, look at physical characteristics 3. if microbes from the culture are injected into a healthy animal, disease symptoms should reappear 4. microbe isolated and regrown in pure culture, should look the same as the original
200
Explain both ocean upwelling and lake turnover- draw diagrams please :)
....
200
Describe the difference between constitutive defenses and induced defenses. Please give an example of each.
constitutive- always present induced- only present when predators are near
300
Give three distinguishing facts about Hellenistic Natural Philosophy.
1.Military expansion of Alexander the Great- cultures intermingled with Greek influences throughout the empire 2. Alexandria became a center of knowledge 3. some theoretical conflict in interpreting prior Greek thought
300
What is the difference between homology and homoplasy? Provide examples.
Homology- traits that are similar because of a common ancestor...vertebrate limbs Homoplasy- traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry...fins on dolphins versus fish
300
Explain the 2 sources of C-C bonds and the three sources of energy.
C-C bonds- auto and hetero Energy- photo, chemo, chemolitho
300
What are four components of climate? Why are the tropics warm and the poles cold?
4 components- temperature, moisture, sunlight, wind The tropics are warm because sun is directly overhead them so they get maximum amount of solar radiation per unit area. As surface slopes away less direct sunlight so the poles get colder.
300
Explain Clements versus Gleason.
Clements viewed communities as planned and unchanging- so if you had a disturbance happen or something that knocked out the species or two places with similar habitat; you would know what would come next because it's all pattern. Gleason viewed communities as unplanned and random, so whatever comes next in each community is completely up to chance, no matter how similar the habitats and conditions are.
400
What happened to the thought patterns at the end of each time period we discussed in class? Why was that happening? Examples?
The end of each time period turned back to more conservative, more religious answers behind. This occurred because people got frightened and problems started occurring. For example, at the end of the middle ages, there was the 100 year war, The Great Schism, and the black death.
400
What are the three types of species concepts? Explain them.
1. Biological- reproductive isolation 2. Morphospecies- morphologically distinct but very subjective with cryptic species 3. Phylogenetic- smallest monophyletic group- based on testable criteria
400
What reproductive adaptations allowed for plants to make the transition to land?
spores, seeds, embryophytes, fruits, pollens
400
What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causation? Please think of examples for each.
proximate- how; mechanisms used ultimate- why; evolutionary consequences Lion jumping on it's prey... etc. etc.
400
Explain primary and secondary succession as well as what happens after this occurred.
secondary- takes away everything above soil primary- takes away everything above and below soil pioneering species- weedy species that populate quickly but don't live very long early succession communities- usually made up of shrubs and a few trees but they are scarce and far between; the shrubs get the soil full of Nitrogen and etc. middle succession community- made up of mostly trees; they have very low reproduction but live for a long time and are good competitors climax community- last stages because need a lot of soil nutrients which the shrubs leave for them
500
Why was Greek knowledge not pursued in Christian monasteries?
Greeks were polytheistic and pagan, went against Christian beliefs and they placed more emphasis on theology than science.
500
Define both allopatric and sympatric speciation. What is the difference between vicariance and dispersal?
allopatric- geographical barrier between populations sympatric- populations split up while still being in the same location vicariance- separated by a physical barrier dispersal- colonizing a new habitat
500
What are the physical and reproductive adaptations that allowed vertebrates to make the transition to land?
vertebrate jaw, tetrapod limb, feathers and flight, amniotic egg, placenta, parental care
500
Explain population ecology and how demography affects that. What are the four processes central to demography?
Population ecology is the study of how and why number of individuals in population change over time and demographically that changes because people die or move away or are born and move in. demography: birth, death, immigration, emigration
500
Why is island biogeography so widely applicable?
1. relevant to a wide variety of island like habitats 2. relevant to metapopulations 3. makes specific predictions that could be retested for the same answer 4. closely located to other large habitats
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