Protists
Protists are organisms with this type of cell, meaning they have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells.
Unlike plants, fungi have cell walls containing this polysaccharide.
Chitin.
Land plants evolved from this group of green algae approximately 450 million years ago.
Charophytes.
This generation is dominant in nonvascular plants such as mosses.
Gametophyte (haploid, n).
These seed plants produce "naked seeds," which are often exposed on modified leaves that form cones.
Gymnosperms.
These photosynthetic protists have silica-rich, glasslike shells and are important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.
Diatoms.
A single fungal filament is called this, while an interconnected mass of these filaments has a different name. Identify both structures.
Hypha (single filament) and mycelium (mass of hyphae).
This waxy covering helps plants prevent water loss, while these small pores allow gas exchange. Name both structures.
Cuticle (prevents water loss) and stomata (allow gas exchange).
During alternation of generations, the sporophyte produces haploid spores through this type of cell division.
Meiosis.
This structure contains the male gametophyte, is surrounded by a protective sporopollenin wall, and can travel by wind or animals.
Pollen.
These protists use pseudopodia for movement, while another group uses numerous short, hairlike structures called cilia. Name both groups.
Amoebae use pseudopodia, and ciliates use cilia.
Fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings and then absorbing the broken-down material. This process has a specific name.
Extracellular digestion.
Identify two advantages and two challenges that early plants encountered when colonizing land.
Advantages include unfiltered sunlight, plentiful CO₂, and nutrients near water. Challenges include water scarcity and lack of structural support.
These two multicellular reproductive structures produce sperm and eggs, respectively, in land plants.
Antheridia produce sperm, and archegonia produce eggs.
This seed-plant characteristic involves producing two different types of spores: microspores and megaspores.
Heterospory.
This group of protists includes Plasmodium, which causes malaria, and has a specialized structure used to penetrate host cells.
Apicomplexans.
In this mutualistic relationship, fungi help plants obtain nutrients from the soil while receiving sugars from the plants.
Mycorrhizae
These specialized regions of active cell division allow plants to grow in length.
Apical meristems.
Name the three major groups of nonvascular plants and identify which generation is dominant in all three.
Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. All have a dominant gametophyte generation.
These structures eventually develop into seeds and contain the megasporangium, megaspore, and female gametophyte.
Ovules.
Name three pieces of evidence supporting the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved through endosymbiosis.
They have their own DNA, their own ribosomes, and reproduce by fission. They are also similar in size to bacteria.
One fungal phylum produces spores in saclike structures, while another produces spores on club-shaped structures. Name both phyla.
Ascomycota (sac fungi) and Basidiomycota (club fungi).
Name five of the seven derived traits of land plants discussed in lecture.
Any five of the following:
Cuticle
Stomata
Alternation of generations
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Multicellular, dependent embryo
Apical meristems
Both mosses and ferns reproduce using spores, but they differ in two major ways. Explain their differences in vascular tissue and dominant generation.
Mosses lack vascular tissue and have a dominant gametophyte. Ferns have vascular tissue and a dominant sporophyte.
Name all five derived traits of seed plants and explain how one of those traits improves reproductive success or offspring survival.
Reduced gametophytes
Heterospory
Pollen
Ovules
Seeds