Exam 1
Exam 2
Exam 3
Exam 4
New Material
100
What is an emergent property? Give and example.
LAs will check.
100
What are the 5 assumptions that must hold true for a population to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
1. Large population (no genetic drift)
2. No migration (no gene flow)
3. No mutations
4. Random mating (no sexual selection)
5. No natural selection
100
The difference between horizontal and vertical gene transfer and the types of cells associated with each.
Horizontal is between individuals within a species, vertical is between generations. Horizontal -- bacteria. Vertical -- Eukaryotes
100
Your team is swimming in the ocean and you see an organism that is asymmetric, possesses spicules, has no true tissues, and is feeding via a suspension mechanism.
What is Porifera (Sponge)?
100
What is a fixed action pattern?
A sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus; unchangeable; usually carried to completion.
200
What is inductive reasoning? Give an example.
LAs will check.
200
Genes A, B, C, and D are found on the same chromosome. You determine the frequency of crossing over between the following pairs of chromosome to be:
A-B: 8%,
A-C: 28%,
A-D: 25%,
B-C: 20%,
B-D, 33%.
What is the most likely sequence of the genes along the chromosome?
C –B –A –D
200
A group only includes species B and C. This is an example of a _________ group.
What is paraphyletic?
200
Place the following traits in chronological order by the order in which they evolved- fifth being the last to evolve: Fruit, sporophyte dominant, vascular, cones, gametophyte dominant
1. Gametophyte dominant
2. Vascular
3. Sporophyte dominant
4. Cones
5. Fruit
200
What is the difference between K and r-selection?
K-selection: density-dependent selection; selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density
r-selection: density- independent selection; selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction
300
If a DNA sample is composed of 40% Thymine, what is the percentage of Guanine in this sample?
10%
300
List the three types of natural selection. Of these three, which is the only one that can result in the production of two different species as opposed to one.
-Stablizing, Directional, and Disruptive
-Disruptive
300
Explain at least two ways in which cyanbacteria are important.
1. produce oxygen
2. serial endosymbiosis to produce photosynthetic eukaryotic cells
300
Name all of the groups that are deuterostomes. How is the protostome group additionally divided; name the groups in each of these further divisions.
Deuterostomes: Echinodermata, Chordata
Protostomes= Ecdysozoa + Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa: Arthropoda, Nematoda
Lophotrochozoa: Annelida, Mollusca, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, Rotifera, Platyhelminthes
300
A researcher wants to study Huntington's Disease and they aim to determine if this condition has a genetic or environmental cause. What type of study should the researcher use to answer this question?
Twin studies
400
What happens when you heat a perfectly complementary segment of DNA?
It would take a very high temperature to separate the segment of DNA because of the polarity of the molecules.
400
What are the 5 different prezygotic barriers to reproduction and what are the 3 different postzygotic barriers? Give examples of 3 of the prezygotic barriers and of 3 of the postzygotic ones.
Temporal
Behavioral
Habitat
Gametic
Mechanical
Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown
400
Give at least three examples of exaptation that we discussed in class or in workshop.
1. feathers in birds
2. swim bladder
3. jaw bones to ear bones
400
Describe the difference between an organism that is aceolomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate. Provide one example of an organism that is aceolomate and two examples of organisms that are pseudocoelomate and coelomate,
Aceolomate (solid body, lack cavity)= Platyhelmenthes
Pseudocoelomate (fluid filled cavity with no mesoderm lining)= Rotifera, Nematoda
Coelomate (mesoderm-lined fluid filled cavity)=Annelida, Mollusca, Chordata, etc.
400
What are the four factors of looking at a behavior. Describe an example in which you can use these four in context.
1. Physiological
2. Developmental
3. Adaptive value
4. Evolutionary history
LAs will check example.
500
Please define red queen hypothesis, Muller's rachet, adaptive radiation, and exaptation. Provide unique examples of each.
LAs will check.
500
Looking at the allele coding for Tay-Sachs disease (autosomal recessive) in the 1000 individuals in a population, 90 were homozygous normal, and 420 were heterozygous. What are the allele frequencies for the dominant and recessive alleles? Is the population evolving?
1000 people = 2000 alleles
(90x2)+420= 600
420+ (490x2)= 1400
p= 600/2000= .3 q=1400/2000= .7
500
Explain the significance of R-plasmids, how they are shared between bacteria and the term for when the bacteria take up the plasmid, and in what scenario a bacterium would lose it.
Provide antibiotic resistance -- in the presence of that antibiotic only the bacteria with the plasmid would survive. Shared via horizontal gene tranfer, such as conjugation, and they are said to be transformed when the plasmid is taken up. It would be lost if the bacteria do not come into contact with the specific antibiotic for some time.
500
Name at least 7 characteristics of the Chordata class. Place Chordata in the context of the greater animal phylogenetic tree by drawing an animal phylogenetic tree on the board beginning with the protist ancestor.
1. Triploblastic
2. Coelomate
3. Bilateral Symmetry
4. Notochord
5. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
6. Pharyngeal gill slits
7. Postanal tail
LAs will check tree
500
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yqvbv-SB4bg
Watch the following video and relate this scene to a biological concept that we discussed in class.
Game-theory: Questions? Ask Baadal:)