Blood Flow through the Heart
Electrophysiology
Electrocardiograms
Blood Vessels
Blood
100
The pulmonary circuit involves blood from the _____ to and from the ______.
What is the heart; lungs
100
This type of cell junction is found between cardiac muscle cells (at the intercalated discs) that allow ions to rapidly pass from one cell to another.
What are gap junctions?
100
This wave represents atrial depolarization.
What is the P wave?
100
The order of tunics from most superficial to deep found in most blood vessels.
What are 1) tunica externa, 2) tunica meida, 3) tunica intima?
100
This type of leukocyte will significantly increase in number if the body is invaded by a parasitic worm.
What are basophils?
200
This circulation involves the delivery of oxygenated blood to the _________.
What is the heart?
200
These cells make up only about 1% of the total number of cardiac muscle cells and are capable of spontaneously generating action potentials. What are the three main types of these cells?
What are pacemaker cells?
1. Sinoatrial (SA) node (60 - 70 AP/min)
2. Atrioventricular (AV) node (40 - 50 AP/min)
3. Purkinje Fiber system (20 AP/min)
200
This complex measure ventricular depolarization while obscuring atrial repolarization.
What is the QRS complex?
200
This artery has the smallest diameter.
What are metarteries?
200
The two types of lymphocytes are ________ and ______. The letter in front of their name indicates where they mature. State these locations.
T lymphocytes - mature in the thymus
B lymphyocytes - mature in the bone marrow
300
This valve prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium?
What is the bicuspid or mitral atriventricular valve?
300
How does an action potential of a pacemaker cell differ from that of a skeletal muscle?
1. they do not contain sodium ion channels
2. depolarization occurs much more slowly (as a result of number 1)
3. it occurs in a cycle, never remains at rest
4. contain HCN channels
300
This segment of the ECG provides the entire duration of the cardiac action potential.
What is the R-R interval?
300
This circuit has the lowest pressure.
What is the pulmonary circuit?
300
1. This factor is need to convert fibrinogen into fibrin.
2. What is the function of fibrin?
1. Thrombin
2. Fibrin forms a mesh that holds the platelet plug together and seals the damaged vessel.
400
These cells are directly fed by the coronary circulation.
What are cardiac muscle cells?
400
In a contractile cell action potential, the plateau phase represents __________. This allow the heart to ___________. This phase is typically at ____mV. This phase is also referred to as ________________.
1. very little net change in membrane potential
2. this allows the heart to relax and the ventricles to fill with blood (prevents tetany).
3. 0 mV
4. Effective refractory period
400
This segment would be used to measure the ventricular plateau phase.
What is the S-T segment?
400
The factors that influence peripheral resistance.
1. vessel length
2. blood viscosity
3. vessel diameter
4. obstructions in the vessels
400
The five steps of hemostasis in the order in which they occur.
Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis
500
Name the vessels that carry
1. oxygenated blood to the heart
2. deoxygenated blood to the heart
3. oxygenated blood away from the heart
4. deoxygenated blood away from the heart
What are
1. pulmonary veins
2. superior and inferior vena cava
3. aorta
4. pulmonary artery
500
Compare and contrast the action potential of a skeletal muscle cell and a cardiac contractile cell.
1. both have rapid depolarization due to sodium ion channels opening
2. Skeletal muscle's action potential lasts 1-5 msec; cardiac contractile cell's action potential lasts 200 -300 msec.
3. Skeletal muscle has an absolute refractory period; cardiac contractile cell has an effective refractory period

500
Place the structures of the cardiac conduction system in order as they would transmit the action potential across the heart. (note there are 6 steps).
1. SA node
2. AV node
3. AV bundle
4. Right and left bundle branch
5. Purkinje fibers
6. contractile cells of the cardiac muscle tissue
500
These factors are needed to calculate mean arterial pressure. What is the typical mean arterial pressure for a healthy adult?
What are diastolic and systolic pressure?
Typical MAP  ~90 - 95 mmHg
500
Ed, who has blood type AB+, needs a blood transfusion. He can get the blood from Sally who is O- or from Bob, who is A+. Which blood type would cause the least reaction from his body and why.
Bob's blood would cause the least reaction. In this blood are also anti-B antibodies, that may start to attack some of his blood cells.
However, Sally's blood, O-, contains anti-bodies to A and B, and possible the Rh factor. So her blood contains more anti-bodies that could attack Bob's own blood cells.
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