Vocabulary
What is a secondary immunodeficiency caused by?
Lifestyle, age, chronic disease, external factors (like drug use)
How do we get from a microbe to an infection?
--microbe needs a portal of entry
--microbe needs to adhere to host tissue
--microbe needs to acquire nutrients and invade tissue
--microbe must avoid the immune system
--microbe must leave from portal of exit to begin cycle again
What are the two main classes of lymphocytes involved in the adaptive immune system?
T cells and B cells
What comprises the first line of defense?
Body Barriers: mechanical, chemical, and physical
What are type I hypersensitivies?
Anaphylactic/Allergy Responses
What is a hapten?
Incomplete antigens
Lipases, proteases, collagenases, coagulases, and neuraminidase are all examples of ______.
INVASINS
Both the cellular and humoral branches utilize the same four "steps" for activity. What are those steps?
1. antigen presentation
2. lymphocyte activation
3. proliferation and differentiation
4. antigen elimination and memory
What are the outcomes of complement activation?
MAC complex (lysis), opsonization, and inflammation
How do T cells and B cells get 'checked' for self-tolerance?
For T:
1. needs to be able to recognize MHCs
2. gets screened for being self-reactive.
For B: they get screened for if they produce self-reactive antibodies
What is pyrexia?
fever
What are ways that a pathogen may HIDE from our immune system?
Antigen masking, antigen mimicry, antigen variation, living intracellularly, latency
How do antibodies aid in eliminating the antigen?
Neutralize antigens, activate complement, increase phagocytosis
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness, pain, localized heat, swelling and may even progress to loss of function
The most abundant leukocyte in the body is the _________.
Neutrophil
What is a siderophore?
an iron-binding protein pathogens will use to sequester iron from the host
The LPS layer of gram negative cell walls is a ENDO or EXO- toxin?
Endotoxin
Which antibody can cross the placental barrier?
What is lysozyme and where can we find it?
Enzyme which chews up bacterial cells-- found in urine, tears, sweat, and bodily mucus.
What antibodies are used/deployed in Type 2 and 3 Hypersensitivity reactions?
IgM and IgG
What is hemochromatosis?
Elevated iron levels in the patient's blood
What is a microbe's 'tropism'?
tropism= preference for a specific host or environment
What do your Th1, Th2, and Treg cells do?
Th1- stimulate Cytotoxic T cells
Th2-Stimulate B cells
Treg-aids in turning off the immune response when needed (when done)
What triggers the release of cytokines, which signal the hypothalamus of the brain to raise the body's baseline temperature from 37°C to a higher temperature?
pryogens
A high level of leukocytes in a patient's blood would indicate:
an infection