Microbiology, Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic, Microscopy
The five types of microbes we will discuss in this class
Bacteria, viruses, archaea, protists and fungi
The outer layer found only on gram - bacteria.
LPS layer, or lipopolysaccharide layer
The difference between heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms/microbes.
Heterotrophic organisms acquire their carbon and subsequent energy sources from consuming other organisms, while autotrophic organisms obtain their carbon and subsequent energy sources by creating it through photosynthesis, for example
The two processes that must take place to get a functioning protein from DNA coding.
Transcription and Translation
The process following glycolysis if oxygen isn't present as a terminal electron acceptor. (In aerobic microbes)
Fermentation
The 7 constraints we discussed that need to be observed for something to be considered alive. (There are arguably 8, but you just need to know 7)
Metabolism, reactive to stimuli, heredity of traits, reproduction, growth, cellular structure and homeostasis
The 8th constraint is evolution.
The difference between symport and antiport, and the difference between passive and active transport.
Symport: two solutes travel in same direction via membrane protein
Antiport: two solutes travel in opposite directions via membrane protein
Passive: no energy input required; follows natural conc. gradient = diffusion (facilitated diffusion is same thing, but via membrane protein)
Active: energy input required; against natural conc. gradient. ABC transporters are an example of such
The types of media we discussed and their basic differences
Complex (many growth factors) vs. Simple/minimal (only what is needed for growth)
Selective (uses specific growth factors to select for certain microbes over others) vs. Differential (with a growth indicator dye)
BONUS: What is the name for the type of agar that is both selective and differential?
The three steps to DNA replication (and transcription and translation) and basically* what is happening during each.
BONUS 100 POINTS: The name for the lagging strand components added as replication occurs away from the replication fork
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
Prep, building and completion (of DNA, RNA or proteins)
Okazaki fragments
The final step in peptidoglycan (cell wall) synthesis.
Transpeptidation
The theory of endosymbiosis (eukaryotes from prokaryotes)
An anaerobic bacterium or prokaryote ingested or endocytosed a smaller aerobic prokaryote and formed an endosymbiotic relationship, giving rise to eukaryotic cells with chloroplasts and mitochondria.
The list of observed bacterial morphology
Cocci/Coccus
Bacilli/Bacillus
Vibrio, Spirillum and Spirochete
Strepto-, Staphylo- and Diplo-
Tetrad and Sarcina
The list of the types of microbes based on environmental constraints and the difference between strict vs facultative aerobes/anaerobes
Alkaliphiles, Neutralophiles, Acidophiles, Barophiles, Halophiles, Microaerophiles, Thermophiles, Hyperthermophiles, Mesophiles and Psychrophiles
Strict aerobe/anaerobe = Microbe requires oxygen or requires no oxygen to live; can't function in the presence of what it doesn't use for respiration.
Facultative aerobe/anaerobe = Microbe can switch between being aerobic or anaerobic depending on its environment. (Facultative aerobe means prefers no oxygen, but can use some in the presence of it)
The purpose of tRNA
To bring the anticodon triplet to match with the codon triplet in the ribosomal complex on the transcribed mRNA strand which ultimately leads to the production of an amino acid to be bonded together with other amino acids to build a protein/polypeptide. This collective process is known as translation
The five layers, from most exterior to most interior, of an endospore, and the type of bacteria (gram + or -) that utilizes one.
Coat, outer membrane, cortex, germ wall and inner membrane. (most inner core not a layer but the genetic material). Seen in gram + bacteria.
The types of organisms classified as prokaryotic vs the organisms classified as eukaryotic and the cellular differences between the two.
Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Archaea (no membrane-bound organelles and no true nucleus)
Eukaryotic: Plants, Animals, Fungi and Protists (membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus)
How vancomycin and penicillin function as antibiotics and the sugars found in the peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) of a bacterial cell.
They inhibit cell wall or peptidoglycan synthesis, specifically the proteins found in the peptidoglycan layer (D-alanine and L-alanine) and the bonds between them (inhibiting transpeptidation). No cell wall=no structure=cell vulnerable=no cell
NAG and NAM (N-acetylglucosamine and N-muramic acid)
The two equations used to measure bacterial growth and what each variable means.
BONUS 100 POINTS: The four stages of bacterial growth (NOT the binary fission steps, those are steps for replication, not experimental cell growth of bacterial colonies) confusing I know welcome to biology
N=(No)(2^n) and n=3.3(logN-logNo)
N=Total or final number of bacteria present at end of growth experiment
n=Number of generations of bacterial growth (1 cell becomes 2=1 generation of growth)
No=Number of bacteria present at the beginning of the growth experiment)
1. Lag phase 2. Log phase 3. Stationary phase 4. Death phase
The definition, purpose, and common components or regulators of an operon (What is an operon and what are some structures that bind to it to make gene expression occur)
BONUS 100 POINTS: The purpose of sigma factor, and where and what it binds to on an operon
A group of genes that are transcribed together via an operator like a promoter and further controlled by inducers, enhancers, repressors, etc. This is because the group of genes share common functional aspects and are used in conjunction with the others, so they are all transcribed at once
Sigma factor works as a regulator for transcriptional control by helping RNA polymerase bind to the promoter on an operon.
The reduced and oxidized forms of the electron carriers in cellular respiration.
Reduced: NADH, FADH2
Oxidized: NAD+, FADH
Some of the most important people in the world of microbiology and what they provided, and the six types of microscopes/methods of microscopy we talked about.
Sir Robert Hooke - Compound microscope
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek - Single-lens microscope
Florence Nightingale - Sanitation methods and germ theory
Louis Pasteur - Pasteurization and the disproving of the theory of spontaneous generation
Robert Koch - Pathogen postulates (cause and effect of virulent microbes)
SEM and TEM, Fluorescent, Phase-contrast, Bright-field or Light, Dark-field
The structure and common components of a bacterial cell (prokaryote) BONUS 100 POINTS: The steps to binary fission
*draw/drawn on whiteboard*
1. DNA replication
2. Cell growth
3. Formation of septum and genetic segregation
4. Division
The steps of cellular respiration and the subsequent products. (Glucose ---> ~34 ATP)
! Remember, the steps are the same in microbes as they are in humans, but the physical anabolism of ATP occurs in mitochondria/chloroplasts in eukaryotes, and the cell membrane in prokaryotes
*draw/drawn on whiteboard*
The steps of translation (What is happening on/to the mRNA strand to create a protein)
*draw/drawn on whiteboard*
The eight types of mutations (there are more, these are the main ones/ones we discussed) and a brief explanation of each.
Missense - incorrect BP substitution (changes codon) leads to new amino acid and subsequent protein
Nonsense - Codon replacement leads to termination of translation
Insertion - Addition of a nucleotide, leads to frameshift
Deletion - Removal of a nucleotide, leads to a frameshift
Frameshift - Due to insertion or deletion, shifts reading frame of gene expression/DNA
Silent - incorrect BP substitution (changes codon) but the same protein is ultimately produced.
Point - A single nucleobase change (A instead of T)
Inversion - DNA segment flipped, so it's read backwards.