Bacteria
what do you remember about shigellosis
It is also called dysentery. Human carriers cause fecal transmission. Outbreaks have occurred in day care centers. Symptoms include watery diarrhea with bloody, mucoid stools and abdominal cramps
Which microorganism is primarily transmitted by respiratory droplets
viruses
Defenses of the GI tract against pathogens include
mucus, acid, and saliva. secretory IgA and lysozyme. peristalsis. GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)
Eating pork that has the cysts of Trichinella species embedded in the meat cause what infection
trichinosis, The life cycle of this nematode is spent entirely within the body of a mammalian host such as a pig, bear, cat, dog, or rat.
What did we learn about the MMR vaccine in class on Wednesday
It protects against three different viral diseases, It contains attenuated viruses, It is given in early childhood.
The microorganism that is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Several infections of the cardiovascular system can be identified by inspecting a stained blood smear in the microscope like the epstein-barr virus. Why are they not visible inside red blood cells?
EBV primarily infects B lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
The gut-brain axis refers to
changes in brain chemistry and behavior caused by the gut microbiota.
Symptoms of infectious mononucleosis include
sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly.
An effective treatment for syphilis
Arsenic, Penicillin G, and/or Mercury
Robert Koch first used agar in bacteriological media. Why was this ingredient an improvement on previous materials used to culture bacteria?
Bacteria growing on the solidified medium did not degrade or break down the agar.
An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that
inhibits DNA synthesis.
Microbes are likely to be found in which of the locations on human skin
the stratum corneum, Sebaceous gland, Hair follicle
signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection include
red blood cells in urine, nausea, white blood cells in urine, painful urination, Urine that looks cloudy, Strong-smelling urine
Why is there fewer antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antihelminthic drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths
The microorganisms are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult to achieve
A microbiologist inoculates Staphylococcus aureus into a culture medium. Following incubation, both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are determined to be growing in this culture. What happened?
The culture was contaminated
Your friend was bitten by an aggressive dog with a history of biting without cause, and it is suspected to have rabies. Why can treatment be given post-exposure?
The virus exhibits a long incubation period, and therefore, in many cases, this provides the vaccine adequate time to have a protective effect in the patient
Physicians are required to report new cases of gonorrhea to the CDC, whereas new cases of genital herpes are not notifiable. why do some diseases have to be reportable and others do not.
Gonorrhea is treatable with antibiotics and therefore may develop resistance; genital herpes is not treatable with antibiotics
Tetanus differs from botulism in that
muscles cannot relax in tetanus, while muscles cannot contract in botulism.
You have given a dosage of an antibiotic to a patient for his infection, but the patient is not getting any better. The MIC tests shows that the drug that you prescribed, at the dosage that was given, should work against this particular strain of bacterium. What do you think might be the problem?
The drug might be broken down in the patient's body before it can have its full effect on the bacterium.
Normal biota of the urinary tract in both genders include
Lactobacillus, nonhemolytic Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Staphylococcus
A new virus reveals a course of infection characterized by fluctuating symptoms, with intermittent periods of invasion (acute period) between prodromal periods. The whole course of infection occurs over a period of months or even years; what does that mean the virus is exhibiting?
This infectious disease exhibits latency.
the theory of autoimmunity that suggests that microbes may possess markers very similar to markers on some human tissue, resulting in cross reaction of antibodies with both the microbe and the normal tissue
Molecular mimicry theory
diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae include
otitis media. meningitis. lobar pneumonia. bronchial pneumonia
The beta-lactam antibiotics all contain a ring structure called a beta-lactam ring. This is found in
all “-cillins,” all cephalosporins, aztreonam, and imipenam.