Diffusion/Osmosis
Define osmosis
The movement of water across a membrane
Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body are what type of feedback loop?
Negative feedback loop
The presynaptic neuron
What enzyme digests carbohydrates AND what is the monomer?
Amylase; sugars/monosaccharides
Define antagonist
A substance that blocks the action or effects of another substance
Define osmolarity
The number of solute particles within a water solution
What is the homeostatic response of respiration to a decrease in pH (high H+)?
Hyperventilation
What would be the effect of a neurotransmitter agonist?
An agonist would increase neurotransmitter production
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) are released by what endocrine gland?
Anterior pituitary
Blood Pressure = ? x ?
BP = CO x Resistance
A hypotonic solution would have what effect on a cell?
TRH stimulates TSH secretion, and TSH stimulates TH release; TH increases metabolic rate. This system is a negative feedback loop. What would be the effect of decreased TSH on TRH, TH, and metabolism?
TH would decrease, metabolism would decrease,
TRH would increase
How are excess neurotransmitters removed from the synapse?
Diffuse away, reuptake by presynaptic cell, broken down by enzymes
What is the difference between external respiration and internal respiration?
External respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood at the alveoli; internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues at capillaries
What does a sloping line on a graph indicate about the X- and Y- variables?
The X-variable affects the Y-variable
Damaged glomeruli will sometimes filter out large proteins, which get excreted in the urine. This is not normal. What will be the effect of this abnormal filtration on tubular osmolarity?
Tubular osmolarity will increase
Consider that low pH, high CO2, and low O2 will increase ventilation; increased CO2 will decrease pH. Given this, if a defiant child decides they are going to hold their breath in protest to not being able to do what they want to do, what will be the effect on blood CO2 levels and pH?
CO2 will increase, which
will decrease pH
CN V conveys tactile sensory info from the cornea. Like most cranial nerves, CN V does not decussate. Therefor, damage to the right CN V will cause an inability to perceive sensory info in which cornea?
The right cornea
What happens to the sperm during capacitation and what is its function?
The acrosome cap breaks down, releasing enzymes which break down the corona radiata and zona pellucida membranes of the egg, allow the sperm to penetrate the egg
The cerebellum uses visual, vestibular, & proprioceptive info to maintain balance. It can do so with just two of these sense, but not only one. A positive Romberg sign is swaying upon closing the eyes. An individual has a positive Romberg sign and feels like the world is spinning, even with their eyes open. What is the most likely cause?
A vestibular deficit
Increased osmolarity stimulates increased ADH production (causes water retention) and inhibits Aldosterone secretion (promotes sodium retention), which decreases osmolarity as part of a negative feedback loop. Therefore, what would be the effect of decreased osmolarity on ADH and Aldosterone?
Decreased ADH and
increased Aldosterone
Consider the following negative feedback mechanism: Blood pressure is proportionate to cardiac output and resistance, and a decrease in BP will increase renin production which will help raise BP. If an individual's BP drops due to blood loss, what will happen to renin and resistance?
Renin will increase &
resistance will increase
Organophosphate flea products are often used to kill fleas on pets. They work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (an enzyme that breaks down excess acetylcholine in the synapse). But, these products can be toxic - what could be administered as an antidote?
An acetylcholine antagonist
Given that aldosterone increases the reabsorption of sodium, what would happen if an adrenal tumor caused excess secretion of aldosterone to blood osmolarity, ADH secretion, and blood pressure?
Osmolarity would increase, ADH would increase, and blood pressure would increase.
The pupillary reflex is a consensual response, where shining a light into the right eye causes the right CN II to convey the sensory info to the brain, and then CN III on both sides sends a motor signal to each pupil, causing them to constrict. If CN II was damaged, what would effect would shining on a light on the right eye have?
No effect - a damaged CN II can not convey sensory info to the brain to initiate a motor signal in CN III