This class of transposable elements always moves by copy and paste
What is a retrotransposon
100
How is DNA methylation associated with histone acetylation? Does it have anything to do with histone methylation?
What is Methylation attracts histone deacetylases so that DNA tightly binds histones. No histone methylation in separate
100
How can transposons cause mutations?
What is insertions, deletions, homologous recombination can cause chromosome rearrangements
100
What is the lac operon? Draw it out and indicate what each part does
What is lacI (repressor), CAP site, lacP (promoter), lacO (operator), lacZ (b- galactosidase), lacY (permease), lacA (b-galactoside transacetylase)
100
Define co-dominance, incomplete dominance, and dominant/recessive
What is co-dominance- both phenotypes are present, incomplete- you get a combination dom/rec- you get one or the other, hets display dom phenotype
200
What are L1 transposons and are they active?
What is YES they are a class of retrotransposons that jumps every 100 human births
200
What are the regulatory sequences and their corresponding regulatory proteins? How do you get baseline transcription?
What is Enhancers- activators and silencers- repressors
Insulators
general TFs give baseline
200
How is gene regulation in prokaryotes different from that in eukaryotes?
What is no chromatin packaging in prokaryotes, no nuclear membrane in pro (transcription and translation occur at the same time), in eukaryotes most genes have their own promoters whereas prokaryotic genes usually have operons
200
Describe what will happen to the lac operon when there is abundant lactose and no glucose
What is Allolactose binds the repressor so that it can't bind operator. cAMP is able to bind CAP which binds CAP site so RNA polymerase can know where to come in. Operon is maximally on
200
What does it mean to have an inherited cancer predisposition?
What is the 2 hit hypothesis
300
What makes staggered breaks in the DNA and integrates the transposon? Talk about how you would increase the amount of transposon in the genome. What is happening if the amount transposon is not increasing?
What is Transposase. Increase using copy and paste, not moving= cut and paste
300
What effects mRNA stability? Do siRNA and miRNA make mRNA more or less stable?
What is 5' cap, poly A tail, splicing
siRNA degrades RNA and miRNA inhibits translation
300
How is lactose able to get into the lac operon if lacY isn't transcribing permease?
What is Background transcription!
300
What happens to the lac operon when you have abundant lactose and glucose?
What is lac repressor won't bind to operator but there are low levels of cAMP which means it won't bind CAP so it will be difficult for RNA pol to start transcription
300
Is TPMT enzyme activity co-dominantly inherited or incompletely? Or both?
What is co dominant molecularly, but incomplete dominance phenotypically
400
What are LTR Retrotransposons? Are they LINEs and SINEs?
What is LTR= have long terminal direct repeats. Include gag and pol genes (proteases) and Reverse transcriptase, RNAase, Integrase.
LINEs and SINEs are non-LTRs
400
How are epigenetic changes influenced by the environment and how is this seen in monozygotic twins?
What is exercise, environmental exposure etc can cause epigenetic changes so that while monozygotic twins have similar epigenetic marks early in life, they change as they get older.
400
What is clonal evolution? draw it!
What is cell with mutation divides --> clones --> one picks up 2nd mutation that makes it better at dividing --> this continues
400
Analyze the genotype of this bacteria's lac operon, what will be made by each strand:
lac I (-) lac P lac O lac Z(-) lac Y lac A(-)
lac I (s) lac P (-) lac O lac Z lac Y(-) lac A
What is first strand- lactose permease will be made
second strand- nothing
400
What are tumor suppressors, DNA repair genes, and proto-oncogenes and how can they cause cancer?
What is tumor suppressor usually blocks growth and both alleles being mutated can cause unregulated growth. DNA repair genes normally minimize mutations but if both alleles are mutated they will stop. Proto oncogenes are the normal form but if one mutates they become an oncogene and promote cell growth ---> cancer
500
Who discovered transposable elements, what organism did they study and find out?
What is Barbara McClintock who studied corn. Ac elements- able to transpose autonomously, Ds element has inactivated transposase and can only move when Ac is there. Ds causes streaking or spots in corn when it inserts into the color allele (no color) and then jumps out because Ac is there (so you get color)
500
What is the purpose of the introns if any?
What is allowing for alternative splicing (genetic variation), you can find regulatory sequences, some snRNAs are found here
500
Differences between benign and malignant tumors and treatment for them
What is benign tumor- noncancerous, compact, have not metastasized so easier to remove
Malignant- cancerous, can invade neighboring tissues, metastasized harder to remove
500
What is (-) control vs (+) control? What is (-) and what is (+) in the lac operon?
What is in (-) control there is a repressor but in (+) control there is an activator
500
What happens when you give someone with high TPMT activity a low dose of 6MP and vice versa? What would be this patient's genotype?
What is high TPMT with low 6MP would mean they wouldn't have enough drug to stop replication (become TGN). TPMT*1 TPMT *1
Low TPMT and high 6MP would mean there is too much drug and not enough enzyme to get rid of it. TPMT * 3(A,B,C) X2