Know your Amino Acids/ Proteins!!
Asp and Glu can be classified as what type of AA?
Charged Acidic (-)
polar/hydrophilic
What is the "destiny" for polyubiquitinated proteins
BONUS! 50
Destruction by the proteasome
Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. What are the equivalent terms for the "ligand" and "receptor" for an enzyme.
Substrate and Active site
describe the composition of an antibody
4 total peptides. 2 heavy and 2 light connected by disulfide bonds
Briefly explain how transgenics works through an illustration
Bonus: What are the limitation of microscopic techniques (anatomy vs speciic protein involvement) 50
Extra "genes" are put into the coding for a protein in order to tag it for identification
List All of the nonpolar amino acids
IVALFWGMP
Glycosylation is when carbohydrates and carb-derivatives are added to proteins. There are two common forms known as N-Linked and O-linked. In N-Linked, glycosylation occurs on N. What are the two AA's that are glycosylated in O-Linked?
S and T
This type of enzyme combines molecules by way of covalent bonds
Ligase
What is the name of a foreign agents that antibodies recognize?
BONUS! 100
Antigen
Explain how Gel electrophoresis works
BONUS! 100
SDS denatures proteins and then an electrical current carries the proteins through a gel, smaller ones are able to travel farther than large ones.
A sequence of amino acids has formed some alpha-helices and beta-sheets and those structures are interacting with each other as well as another peptide. What type of structure does this protein have?
Quaternary (4)
Phosphorylation requires a free hydroxyl group, specifically the groups of what 3 AA's. Also, what are the two categories of Phosphorylating Kinases.
S, T, and Y
Tyrosine and Serine/Threonine Kinases
What 2 types of enzymes specifically catalyze the breaking of bonds
Hydrolases and Lyases
How can antibodies be used to detect specific protein in a cell?
Apply a visual marker, such as GFP to antibody specified for protein
Explain how proteins can be purified through immunoprecipitation
A large heavy marker is put on an antibody that attaches to a known protein. That protein and any associated proteins will get "pulled down" in lysate and once precipitate is removed you are left with purified proteins
Explain what a domain is, and give an example of one we have discussed in class (there are a ton, doesn't have to be super specific)
BONUS! 100
Any part of a polypeptide chain that can independently fold, function, and evolve into
a compact stable structure. Tend to be identified by reoccurring specific structures. Ex: Kinase, Dna-Binding, SH2/3, etc.
Explain what Src Kinases do, and what happens what it is dysregulated
It transduces signals related many cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, motility, adhesion, etc.
When dysregulated, it promotes development of tumors
What are the two common names for the type of enzyme that catalyze isomerization/ rearrangement changes within a single molecule
Isomerase and Convertase
Explain the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies
Poly- Recognize multiple epitopes of antigen
Mono- Specific epitope
In your lab, you are using western analysis to try and detect under what conditions p53 is better phosphorylated by. Explain how utilizing both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies is important in this process
Polyclonal detects if the protein is present, while monoclonal can detect phosphorylation due to it only being able to attach to a specific epitope
Explain Orthologs, Paralogs, and Homologs
Homolog= both
Ortholog= Same protein/gene diff. organism
Paralog= Similar genes, same organism
Lipidation is the addition of fatty acids and other lipids to proteins. What are the three kinds of lipidated proteins that were discussed in class?
Fatty Acylated Proteins
Prenylated Proteins
GPI-anchored Proteins
What is the difference between Transferase and Translocase
BONUS! 100
Transferase- Transfer a functional group to a substrate
Translocase- Transfer molecules across a membrane
Explain how fluorophores work
transiently absorb the energy from a specific
wavelength of light (excitation) and then
release the energy as a photon of light of a
longer wavelength (emission)
What information does this Western Blott Analysis give you?
My Judgement