Review from Midterm
List the 5 important ions responsible for the neuronal resting membrane potential and their relative abundance inside the cell.
Na+ (few); K+ (many); Cl- (few); Ca2+ (few); Anions (many)
What are the two main sensory categories, and where does proprioception fall?
Special and Somatic; Proprioception is a somatic sense
She had bilateral focal damage to her amygdala, leading to her inability to experience fear.
Patient SM
The more flies there are in a group, how does this affect the groups proportion of freezing in response to a looming stimulus?
(Safety in numbers!)
Attaching a fluorescent reporter to this ion is useful for visualizing neuronal activity
Calcium
The nervous system can first be divided into CNS and PNS. From there, what are the branches?
CNS --> Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS --> Autonomic (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic) and Somatic (Cranial and Spinal)
The region of the brain that acts as the "relay station" for sensory information
Thalamus
The limbic system includes the amygdala and hippocampus. It plays a crucial role in:
Behavior, memory, and emotional experiences (including fear!)
This drug blocks the re-uptake of dopamine through DAT (dopamine transport) receptors
Cocaine
What information does whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiology provide you in comparison to an extracellular recording?
Information on the electrical signal from a single cell (or even single channel) versus a population of cells
During the action potential, the period in which voltage-gated Na+ channels are inactivated
The absolute refractory period
The only cell type in the retina that fires action potentials (Hint: these cells send their axons out of the retina to form the Optic Nerve)
This region of the amygdala mediates attraction and aversion to odor.
Cortical nuclei of the amygdala.
What are the afferent and efferent pathways of interoception?
Sensory afferents in spinal and cranial nerves bring information into the CNS. Sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents send information from the CNS.
Anterograde = virus travels from cell body down the axon to synaptic terminals
Retrograde = virus travels from synaptic terminals up to cell body and dendrites
During the action potential, the period in which voltage-gated Na+ channels are deinactivated and voltage-gated K+ channels are slowly closing
The relative refractory period
Environmental stimuli are encoded by specialized _____ in the periphery of the body, and activation of these by a stimulus leads to ______.
Sensory receptors; receptor potentials
In the two-factor theory of emotion, you need these two components to experience an emotional response
An interpretation/cognitive label of the experience + a physiological response
What are the two neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's Disease?
1) neuronal loss in the Substantia nigra
2) widespread accumulation of alpha-synuclein
What is the difference between contextual and cue fear conditioning?
Contextual conditioning pairs an aversive stimulus to an environment and requires the hippocampus; cue fear conditioning pairs an aversive stimulus to a cue and does not require the hippocampus
The membrane threshold
Describe the difference between the Nodose Ganglion and the Dorsal Root Ganglion.
The nodose ganglion houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons in the 10th cranial nerve. The dorsal root ganglion houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons in spinal nerves
What is the purpose of emotions and mood? (Hint: four specific reasons)
1) sharpen our perception
2) facilitate rapid action and decision making
3) facilitate social connection
4) enhance our memory
Why is L-DOPA used as a treatment for Parkinson's disease?
L-DOPA is a precursor molecule to dopamine, and unlike dopamine, can readily cross the BBB
I am a scientist interested in looking at neuronal activation after a stimulus. I want some that is induced rapidly and indicates downstream changes in the cell, but I do NOT want to do live calcium-imaging. What should I look for?
Expression of Immediate Early Genes